{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:39Z","timestamp":1760143479148,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Space Agency","award":["4000130730\/20\/I-NB\/WOC_Subcontract_Odl_CNR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000130730\/20\/I-NB\/WOC_Subcontract_Odl_CNR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a study on the ocean surface currents reconstruction by merging Level-4 (L4, gap-free) altimeter-derived geostrophic currents and satellite sea surface temperature. Building upon past studies on the multi-variate reconstruction of geostrophic currents from satellite observations, we regionalized and optimized an algorithm to improve the altimeter-derived surface circulation estimates in the North Atlantic Ocean. A ten-year-long time series (2010\u20132019) is presented and validated by means of in situ observations. The newly optimized algorithm allowed us to improve the currents estimate along the main axis of the Gulf Stream and in correspondence of well-known upwelling areas in the North Eastern Atlantic, with percentage improvements of around 15% compared to standard operational altimetry products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:12:03Z","timestamp":1707466323000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improved Surface Currents from Altimeter-Derived and Sea Surface Temperature Observations: Application to the North Atlantic Ocean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-4379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Ciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Asdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 80133 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Buongiorno Nardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 80133 Naples, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Merino, M., and Monreal-G\u00f3mez, M. (2009). Marine Ecology, EOLSS Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.01.100","article-title":"Ship voyage optimization for safe and energy-efficient navigation: A dynamic programming approach","volume":"153","author":"Zaccone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014547","article-title":"The role of Ekman currents, geostrophy, and Stokes drift in the accumulation of floating microplastic","volume":"124","author":"Onink","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"31","article-title":"Near Inertial Oscillations and Vertical Velocities Modulating Phytoplankton After a Storm in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"12","author":"Comby","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.06.001","article-title":"Properties and pathways of Mediterranean water eddies in the Atlantic","volume":"137","author":"Bashmachnikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.06.016","article-title":"A census of Meddies in a long-term high-resolution simulation","volume":"116","author":"Peliz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068945","article-title":"Biogeochemical properties of eddies in the California Current System","volume":"43","author":"Chenillat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-1543-2010","article-title":"Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: A review","volume":"7","author":"Christaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.11.003","article-title":"Seasonal along-isobath geostrophic flows on the west Florida shelf with application to Karenia brevis red tide blooms in Florida\u2019s Big Bend","volume":"29","author":"Carlson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20345","article-title":"Vortex waves and vertical motion in a mesoscale cyclonic eddy","volume":"118","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1999)029<1425:DOTMST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamics of the Mediterranean salinity tongue","volume":"29","author":"Stephens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12479","article-title":"Spatial patterns of seagrass dispersal and settlement","volume":"22","author":"Grech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL105169","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL105169","article-title":"Equatorial Pacific Sea-Air CO2 Exchange Modulated by Upper Ocean Circulation During the Last Deglaciation","volume":"50","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-4651-2023","article-title":"A Mediterranean drifter dataset","volume":"15","author":"Ribotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.05.022","article-title":"Detecting the drogue presence of SVP drifters from wind slippage in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"125","author":"Menna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.04.009","article-title":"An improved near-surface velocity climatology for the global ocean from drifter observations","volume":"124","author":"Laurindo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-11-0159.1","article-title":"Surface geostrophic circulation of the Mediterranean Sea derived from drifter and satellite altimeter data","volume":"42","author":"Poulain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/48.946513","article-title":"A comparison of multifrequency HF radar and ADCP measurements of near-surface currents during COPE-3","volume":"26","author":"Teague","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(81)90099-6","article-title":"CMICE: A near-surface current meter intercomparison experiment","volume":"28","author":"Beardsley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.026","article-title":"Validation of HF radar sea surface currents in the Malta-Sicily Channel","volume":"225","author":"Capodici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"28","article-title":"CALYPSO? An operational network of HF radars for the Malta-Sicily Channel","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Drago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on EuroGOOS"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapron, B., Collard, F., and Ardhuin, F. (2005). Direct measurements of ocean surface velocity from space: Interpretation and validation. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002809"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Madec, G., Bourdall\u00e9-Badie, R., Bouttier, P.A., Bricaud, C., Bruciaferri, D., Calvert, D., Chanut, J., Clementi, E., Coward, A., and Delrosso, D. (2023, May 19). NEMO Ocean Engine. Available online: https:\/\/www.nemo-ocean.eu\/doc\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698876","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.698876","article-title":"The Copernicus global 1\/12 oceanic and sea ice GLORYS12 reanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Eric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual, A., Faug\u00e8re, Y., Larnicol, G., and Le Traon, P.Y. (2006). Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024633"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.1988.01","article-title":"Satellite altimetry: Observing ocean variability from space","volume":"1","author":"Fu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00032.1","article-title":"Using high-resolution altimetry to observe mesoscale signals","volume":"29","author":"Pujol","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7559","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2314117","article-title":"Computing ocean surface currents over the coastal California current system using 30-min-lag sequential SAR images","volume":"52","author":"Qazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1665:EMSCFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Extracting multiyear surface currents from sequential thermal imagery using the maximum cross-correlation technique","volume":"19","author":"Bowen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.01.022","article-title":"Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress","volume":"68","author":"Abdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1207-2019","article-title":"DUACS DT2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products","volume":"15","author":"Taburet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallis, G.K. (2006). Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790447"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1091-2019","article-title":"On the resolutions of ocean altimetry maps","volume":"15","author":"Ballarotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Fu, L., Alsdorf, D., Rodriguez, E., Morrow, R., Mognard, N., Lambin, J., Vaze, P., and Lafon, T. (2009, January 21\u201325). The SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) Mission: Spaceborne Radar Interferometry for Oceanographic and Hhydrological Applications. Proceedings of the OCEANOBS, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00232","article-title":"Global observations of fine-scale ocean surface topography with the surface water and ocean topography (SWOT) mission","volume":"6","author":"Morrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-023-09778-9","article-title":"Ocean circulation from space","volume":"44","author":"Morrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00152.1","article-title":"Dynamic interpolation of sea surface height and potential applications for future high-resolution altimetry mapping","volume":"32","author":"Ubelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.12.024","article-title":"Synergy between surface drifters and altimetry to increase the accuracy of sea level anomaly and geostrophic current maps in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"68","author":"Mulet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009728","article-title":"Global ocean current reconstruction from altimetric and microwave SST measurements","volume":"119","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0017.1","article-title":"Improving the Altimeter-Derived Surface Currents Using High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Data: A Feasability Study Based on Model Outputs","volume":"33","author":"Rio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.003","article-title":"Improved global surface currents from the merging of altimetry and Sea Surface Temperature data","volume":"216","author":"Rio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Bingham, R.J., Knudsen, P., and Andersen, O.B. (April, January 31). Estimating the North Atlantic mean dynamic topography and geostrophic currents with GOCE. Proceedings of the 4th International GOCE User Workshop, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.12.001","article-title":"A new ocean mean dynamic topography model, derived from a combination of gravity, altimetry and drifter velocity data","volume":"68","author":"Knudsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110138","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1110138","article-title":"Updated geostrophic circulation and volume transport from satellite data in the Southern Ocean","volume":"11","author":"Vigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Cavaliere, D., Charles, E., and Ciani, D. (2022). Super-resolving ocean dynamics from space with computer vision algorithms. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051159"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022MS003589","DOI":"10.1029\/2022MS003589","article-title":"Synthesizing sea surface temperature and satellite altimetry observations using deep learning improves the accuracy and resolution of gridded sea surface height anomalies","volume":"15","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-16-2119-2023","article-title":"4DVarNet-SSH: End-to-end learning of variational interpolation schemes for nadir and wide-swath satellite altimetry","volume":"16","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fablet, R., Febvre, Q., and Chapron, B. (2023). Multimodal 4DVarNets for the reconstruction of sea surface dynamics from SST-SSH synergies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3268006"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciani, D., Rio, M.H., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Etienne, H., and Santoleri, R. (2020). Improving the altimeter-derived surface currents using sea surface temperature (SST) data: A sensitivity study to SST products. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101601"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2008.12.006","article-title":"A simple method for computing velocities from tracer observations and a model output","volume":"33","author":"Piterbarg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2010.01.003","article-title":"Estimating surface velocities from satellite data and numerical models: Implementation and testing of a new simple method","volume":"33","author":"Mercatini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<1743:SCVOTN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900\u20131989","volume":"6","author":"Deser","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72916-5","article-title":"New clues on the Atlantic eels spawning behavior and area: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163125","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1163125","article-title":"Mesoscale-driven dispersion of early life stages of European eel","volume":"10","author":"Munk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"GHRSST Science Team (2011). The Recommended GHRSST Data Specification (GDS) 2.0 Document Revision 4, GHRSST International Project Office: Department of Meteorology, University of Reading."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good, S., Fiedler, E., Mao, C., Martin, M.J., Maycock, A., Reid, R., Roberts-Jones, J., Searle, T., Waters, J., and While, J. (2020). The Current Configuration of the OSTIA System for Operational Production of Foundation Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Concentration Analyses. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040720"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3644","article-title":"Improvements to feature resolution in the OSTIA sea surface temperature analysis using the NEMOVAR assimilation scheme","volume":"145","author":"Fiedler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-789-2021","article-title":"The new CNES-CLS18 global mean dynamic topography","volume":"17","author":"Mulet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00139.1","article-title":"Removing spurious low-frequency variability in drifter velocities","volume":"30","author":"Lumpkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciani, D., Rio, M.H., Menna, M., and Santoleri, R. (2019). A Synergetic Approach for the Space-Based Sea Surface Currents Retrieval in the Mediterranean Sea. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111285"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"DUACS DT2014: The new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00084","article-title":"A new global sea surface salinity and density dataset from multivariate observations (1993\u20132016)","volume":"5","author":"Droghei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011814","article-title":"Estimation of ocean surface currents from maximum cross correlation applied to GOCI geostationary satellite remote sensing data over the Tsushima (Korea) Straits","volume":"121","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"67","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of American eel larvae in relation to North Atlantic Ocean current systems","volume":"4","author":"Kleckner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dana"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Larnicol, G., Collard, F., Gaultier, L., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Ciani, D., Ubelmann, C., Autret, E., Piolle, J.F., Chapron, B., and Moiseev, A. (2022). World Ocean Circulation Project: Retrieve the Ocean Velocities at the Right Place at the Righ Time, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D reconstruction of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents in the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"2023","author":"Asdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of Deformation","volume":"28","author":"Chelton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/4\/640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:57:32Z","timestamp":1760104652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/4\/640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16040640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16040640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}