{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:53:34Z","timestamp":1772607214667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62105328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The technology of infrared dim- and small-target detection is irreplaceable in many fields, such as those of missile early warning systems and forest fire prevention, among others. However, numerous components interfere with infrared imaging, presenting challenges for achieving successful detection of infrared dim and small targets with a low rate of false alarms. Hence, we propose a new infrared dim- and small-target detection network, Multiscale Feature Extraction U-Net for Infrared Dim- and Small-Target Detection (MFEU-Net), which can accurately detect targets in complex backgrounds. It uses the U-Net structure, and the encoders and decoders consist of ReSidual U-block and Inception, allowing rich multiscale feature information to be extracted. Thus, the effectiveness of algorithms in detecting very small-sized targets can be improved. In addition, through the multidimensional channel and spatial attention mechanism, the model can be adjusted to focus more on the target area in the image, improving its extraction of target information and detection performance in different scenarios. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms other advanced algorithms in detection performance. On the MFIRST, SIRST, and IRSTD-1k datasets, we achieved detection rates of 0.864, 0.962, and 0.965; IoU values of 0.514, 0.671, and 0.630; and false alarm rates of 3.08 \u00d7 10\u22125, 2.61 \u00d7 10\u22126, and 1.81 \u00d7 10\u22125, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:12:03Z","timestamp":1707466323000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiscale Feature Extraction U-Net for Infrared Dim- and Small-Target Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Chengshan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9406-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Ni, S., Yan, D., and Zhang, A. 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