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Across the four cities, the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations varied seasonally. Xianghe consistently displayed the lowest NO2 levels, suggesting reduced emissions compared to other cities. Guangzhou, a city with a robust economy and a high level of vehicle ownership, exhibited higher concentrations in spring. Summer brought elevated HCHO levels in Guangzhou, Xianghe, and Shenyang due to intensified photochemical processes. Autumn and winter showed higher HCHO concentrations in Guangzhou and Xianghe compared to Lanzhou and Shenyang. Overall, Guangzhou recorded the highest annual averages, due to its developed economy, while Xianghe\u2019s lower NO2 levels were offset by the elevated HCHO due to higher O3 values. The analysis delved into primary and secondary HCHO sources across seasons and used carbon monoxide (CO) and O3 data. Xianghe showcased the dominance of secondary sources in summer and autumn, while Lanzhou was characterized by primary dominance throughout the year. Shenyang mirrored Xianghe\u2019s evolution due to industrial emissions. In Guangzhou, due to the high levels of vehicular traffic and sunlight conditions, secondary sources predominantly influenced HCHO concentrations. These findings highlight the interplay between primary and secondary emissions in diverse urban settings. This study explored O3 sensitivity variations across seasons. Xianghe exhibited a balanced distribution among volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions, nitrogen oxide (NOx)-limited conditions, and transitional influences. Lanzhou was mainly affected by VOC-limited conditions in winter and NOx-limited conditions in other seasons. Shenyang\u2019s sensitivity varied with the seasons and was primarily influenced by transitions between VOCs and NOx in autumn and NOx-limited conditions otherwise. Guangzhou experienced varied influences. During periods of high O3 pollution, all regions were affected by NOx-limited conditions, indicating the necessity of NOx monitoring in these areas, especially during summer in all regions and during autumn in Xianghe and Guangzhou.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T06:19:59Z","timestamp":1707718799000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of O3 Sensitivity to Secondary HCHO and NO2 Measured by MAX-DOAS in Four Cities in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7584-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China"},{"name":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Qihou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Jinan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Annan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02562","article-title":"The effect of economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in China","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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