{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:24:05Z","timestamp":1781594645599,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.2.1.01.0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.2.1.01.0075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In search and rescue (SAR) operations, up-to-date information on the terrain is critical because every additional hour required to search for a person reduces the likelihood of success. Therefore, it is necessary to provide quick access and the best possible input data for planners and search teams and to develop tools that can help them plan and monitor actions in real-time. This paper describes a novel system based on the use of GIS for planning actions and visualizing the situation on the ground. Special focus is devoted to the algorithm for assessing the mobility of the missing person. Using this algorithm, the area of the proposed search area is modeled based on obtained information about the type of terrain on which the searches are planned. The obtained results are presented as a new Geographic Information System layer and have proven to be a quality that helps in defining the search space. Further research is discussed, especially regarding the assessment of the passability of certain types of terrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1707893966000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Person Mobility Algorithm and Geographic Information System for Search and Rescue Missions Planning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Papi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0516-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana \u0160ari\u0107","family":"Gudelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ante","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Mili\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73480","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920623","article-title":"Evolutionary Planning of Multi-UAV Search for Missing Tourists","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Qin, H., and Geng, Z. (2023). USV Search Mission Planning Methodology for Lost Target Rescue on Sea. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12224584"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Koester, R.J. (2008). Lost Person Behavior: A Search and Rescue Guide on Where to Look for Land, Air, and Water, dbS Productions LLC. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudol, P., and Doherty, P. (2008, January 1\u20138). Human Body Detection and Geolocalization for UAV Search and Rescue Missions Using Color and Thermal Imagery. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2008.4526559"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, C., McWhirter, P.R., Veitch-Michaelis, J., McAree, O., Pointon, H.A.G., Wich, S., and Longmore, S. (2019). Requirements and Limitations of Thermal Drones for Effective Search and Rescue in Marine and Coastal Areas. Drones, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones3040078"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719850719","article-title":"Unmanned aerial system\u2013assisted wilderness search and rescue mission","volume":"15","author":"Dinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.61618\/XAXK8139","article-title":"The SAR Planning \u2018P\u2019 Process","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Search Rescue"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, September 28). ESRI: Gis Mapping Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/home."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, September 28). QGIS. Available online: https:\/\/qgis.org\/en\/site\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Koester, R.J. (2023, September 28). 2010 International Search and Rescue Incident Database (ISRID). Available online: http:\/\/www.dbs-sar.com\/SAR_Research\/ISRID.htm."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"38","article-title":"Evaluating Lost Person Behavior Models","volume":"20","author":"Elena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.001","article-title":"An analysis of probability of area techniques for missing persons in Yosemite National Park","volume":"47","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s10588-010-9066-2","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to modeling lost person behaviors based on terrain features in wilderness search and rescue","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Organ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160eri\u0107, L., Pinju\u0161i\u0107, T., Topi\u0107, K., and Bla\u017eevi\u0107, T. (2021). Lost Person Search Area Prediction Based on Regression and Transfer Learning Models. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020080"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.61618\/HWOQ8554","article-title":"Optimizing Wilderness Search and Rescue: A Bayesian GIS Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Rossmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Search Rescue"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.61618\/SIIV8474","article-title":"Optimizing Wilderness Search and Rescue: Discovery and Outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Rossmo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Search Rescue"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, September 28). MapSAR Online Web Mapping Application v3. Available online: https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=bedf10d744ce471b8a28c3e059a49b7e."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papi\u0107, V., \u0160oli\u0107, P., Milan, A., Gotovac, S., and Poli\u0107, M. (2021). High-Resolution Image Transmission from UAV to Ground Station for Search and Rescue Missions Planning. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052105"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21784","article-title":"A real-time field experiment on search and rescue operations assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"35","author":"Niedzielski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"138","article-title":"Two-stage Segmentation of Aerial Images for Search and Rescue","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01177-1","article-title":"Deep Learning Approach in Aerial Imagery for Supporting Land Search and Rescue Missions","volume":"127","author":"Gotovac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.08.160","article-title":"Decision Support Software for Search & Rescue Operations","volume":"35","author":"Marcjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasar, W., Da Silva Torres, R., Gundersen, O.E., and Karlsen, A.T. (2023). The Use of Decision Support in Search and Rescue: A Systematic Literature Review. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12050182"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundid Vasi\u0107, M., and Papi\u0107, V. (2020). Multimodel Deep Learning for Person Detection in Aerial Images. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091459"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundid Vasi\u0107, M., and Papi\u0107, V. (2022). Improving the Model for Person Detection in Aerial Image Sequences Using the Displacement Vector: A Search and Rescue Scenario. Drones, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6010019"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236","article-title":"Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis","volume":"24","author":"Comaniciu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokonieczny, K., Dawid, W., and Wyszy\u0144ski, M. (2023, January 23\u201326). Methodology of using pathfinding methods in military passability maps. Proceedings of the International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMT58149.2023.10171255"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawid, W., and Pokonieczny, K. (2021). Methodology of Using Terrain Passability Maps for Planning the Movement of Troops and Navigation of Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144682"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"103249","article-title":"Deep learning-based automated terrain classification using high-resolution DEM data","volume":"118","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43317-1","article-title":"Research on land cover classification of multi-source remote sensing data based on improved U-net network","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A note on two problems in connexion with graphs","volume":"1","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300136","article-title":"A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths","volume":"4","author":"Hart","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Sun, P., Tong, X., Pan, H., Zhou, R., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., Wang, J., Yang, S., and Xu, L. (2021). Improved A-Star Algorithm for Long-Distance Off-Road Path Planning Using Terrain Data Map. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110785"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, September 30). Agisoft Metashape. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Koester, R.J. (2023, September 30). Lost Person Behavior: Instructor Activity Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.dbs-sar.com\/InstructorNetwork\/DRAFT%20Instructors%20Activity%20Guide.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/4\/670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:28Z","timestamp":1760104768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/4\/670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16040670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16040670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}