{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:16:24Z","timestamp":1773328584133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP-2021\/310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/310"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2024R310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024R310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past decade, Saudi Arabia has witnessed a surge in flash floods, resulting in significant losses of lives and property. This raises a need for accurate near-real-time precipitation estimates. Satellite products offer precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Among these, the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks\u2013Dynamic Infrared Rain Rate near-real-time (PDIR-Now) stands out as a novel, global, and long-term resource. In this study, a rigorous comparative analysis was conducted from 2017 to 2022, contrasting PDIR-Now with rain gauge data. This analysis employs six metrics to assess the accuracy of PDIR-Now across various daily rainfall rates and four yearly extreme precipitation indices. The findings reveal that PDIR-Now slightly underestimates light precipitation but significantly underestimates heavy precipitation. Challenges arise in regions characterized by orographic rainfall patterns in the southwestern area of Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the importance of spatial resolution and topographical considerations. While PDIR-Now successfully captures annual maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation measurements across rain gauge locations, it exhibits limitations in the length of wet and dry spells. This research highlights the potential of PDIR-Now as a valuable tool for precipitation estimation, offering valuable insights for hydrological, climatological, and water resource management studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1708415426000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation of Near-Real-Time Satellite-Based Precipitation: PDIR-Now over Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2065-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raied Saad","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6195-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Jimenez Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9055-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 90095, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-019-03836-5","article-title":"Dam Break Analysis and Flood Disaster Simulation in Arid Urban Environment: The Um Al-Khair Dam Case Study, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"100","author":"Azeez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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