{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:46:34Z","timestamp":1760143594449,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018581","name":"Jiangsu Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSKJ2023059-04","2021081","2018YFC1508702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate monitoring of crop drought thresholds at different growth periods is crucial for drought monitoring. In this study, the canopy temperature (Tc) of winter wheat (\u2018Weilong 169\u2019 variety) during the three main growth periods was extracted from high-resolution thermal and multispectral images taken by a complete unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system. Canopy-air temperature difference (\u0394T) and statistic Crop Water Stress Index (CWSIsi) indicators were constructed based on Tc. Combined experiment data from the field and drought thresholds for the \u0394T and CWSIsi indicators for different drought levels at three main growth periods were monitored. The results showed a strong correlation between the Tc extracted using the NDVI-OTSU method and ground-truth temperature, with an R2 value of 0.94. The CWSIsi was more stable than the \u0394T index in monitoring the drought level affecting winter wheat. The threshold ranges of the CWSIsi for different drought levels of winter wheat at three main growth periods were as follows: the jointing\u2013heading period, where the threshold ranges for normal, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought are &lt;0.30, 0.30\u20130.42, 0.42\u20130.48, and &gt;0.48, respectively; the heading\u2013filling period, where the threshold ranges for normal, and mild, moderate, and severe drought are &lt;0.33, 0.33\u20130.47, 0.44\u20130.53, and &gt;0.53, respectively; and the filling\u2013maturation period, where the threshold ranges for normal, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought are &lt;0.41, 0.41\u20130.54, 0.54\u20130.59, and &gt;0.59, respectively. The UAV thermal threshold method system can improve the accuracy of crop drought monitoring and has considerable potential in crop drought disaster identification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1708415426000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Precise Drought Threshold Monitoring in Winter Wheat Using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Thermal Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Rongjie","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Yangjun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weinan Donglei Phase II Yellow River Engineering Administration, Weinan 714000, China"}]},{"given":"Yizhu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106379","article-title":"Maize (Zea mays L.) 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