{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:48:18Z","timestamp":1763988498243,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Mission Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNL13AQ00C","80NM0018D0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNL13AQ00C","80NM0018D0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory","award":["NNL13AQ00C","80NM0018D0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNL13AQ00C","80NM0018D0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All sensing systems have some inherent error. Often, these errors are systematic, and observations taken within a similar region of space and time can have correlated error structure. However, the data from these systems are frequently assumed to have completely independent and uncorrelated error. This work introduces a correlated error model for GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) using observations from NASA\u2019s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). We validate our model against near-simultaneous observations between two CYGNSS satellites and double-difference our results with modeled observables to extract the correlated error structure due to the observing system itself. Our results are useful to catalog for future GNSS-R missions and can be applied to construct an error covariance matrix for weather data assimilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Instrument Error Correlation Model for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4757-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. E.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Darren S.","family":"McKague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1128-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Russel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27127-4","article-title":"A New Paradigm in Earth Environmental Monitoring with the CYGNSS Small Satellite Constellation","volume":"8","author":"Ruf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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