{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:22:41Z","timestamp":1775740961080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRMSSHR2023Y04"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["ZRZYBWD202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRZYBWD202208"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["Q20201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20201003"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["2021CFB116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB116"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["2021BID002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID002"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["42271392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271392"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["2020(B)001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020(B)001"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of Hubei University","award":["2022057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil particle size fractions (PSFs) are important properties for understanding the physical and chemical processes in soil systems. Knowledge about the distribution of soil PSFs is critical for sustainable soil management. Although log-ratio transformations have been widely applied to soil PSFs prediction, the statistical distribution of original data and the transformed data given by log-ratio transformations is different, resulting in biased estimates of soil PSFs. Therefore, multivariate random forest (MRF) was utilized for the simultaneous prediction of soil PSFs, as it is able to capture dependencies and internal relations among the three components. Specifically, 243 soil samples collected across the Loess Plateau were used. Meanwhile, Landsat data, terrain attributes, and climatic variables were employed as environmental variables for spatial prediction of soil PSFs. The results depicted that MRF gave satisfactory soil PSF prediction performance, where the R2 values were 0.62, 0.53, and 0.73 for sand, silt, and clay, respectively. Among the environmental variables, nighttime land surface temperature (LST_N) presented the highest importance in predicting soil PSFs in the Loess Plateau, China. Maps of soil PSFs and texture were generated at a 30 m resolution, which can be utilized as alternative data for soil erosion management and ecosystem conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1708944017000},"page":"785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Digital Mapping of Soil Particle Size Fractions in the Loess Plateau, China, Using Environmental Variables and Multivariate Random Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Institute of Geological Survey, Tianjin 300191, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Monitoring Central Station of Geological Environment, Tianjin 300191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9879-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qikai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410118, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Lifei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Supervision in Southern Hilly Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410118, China"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-063016-020552","article-title":"Hydrogeomorphic Ecosystem Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"45","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13016","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2076911","article-title":"Evaluation of Mathematical Models for Predicting Particle Size Distribution Using Digital Soil Mapping in Semiarid Agricultural Lands","volume":"37","author":"Cheshmberah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(12)60031-9","article-title":"Generic Issues on Broad-Scale Soil Monitoring Schemes: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Arrouays","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12244","article-title":"Predictive Soil Mapping with Limited Sample Dat","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159171","article-title":"Digital Mapping of Soil pH and Carbonates at the European Scale Using Environmental Variables and Machine Learning","volume":"856","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.05.009","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of Land Use and Topography on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau in China","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ss.0000080335.10341.23","article-title":"Spatial Prediction of Soil Particle-Size Fractions as Compositional Data","volume":"168","author":"Odeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60395-0","article-title":"Spatial Interpolation of Soil Texture Using Compositional Kriging and Regression Kriging with Consideration of the Characteristics of Compositional Data and Environment Variables","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2016.05.003","article-title":"Particle Size Distribution of Soils (0\u2013500 cm) in the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma Reg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104514","article-title":"Comparison of Interpolation Methods for Mapping Layered Soil Particle-Size Fractions and Texture in an Arid Oasis","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-021-03044-4","article-title":"Exploratory Factor Analysis-Based Co-Kriging Method for Spatial Interpolation of Multi-Layered Soil Particle-Size Fractions and Texture","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175084","article-title":"Digital Soil Map of the World","volume":"325","author":"Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-4-1-2018","article-title":"Evaluation of Digital Soil Mapping Approaches with Large Sets of Environmental Covariates","volume":"4","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103359","article-title":"Machine Learning for Digital Soil Mapping: Applications, Challenges and Suggested Solutions","volume":"210","author":"Wadoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2014.05.0202","article-title":"Digital Mapping of Soil Particle-Size Fractions for Nigeria","volume":"78","author":"Akpa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hengl, T., Heuvelink, G.B.M., Kempen, B., Leenaars, J.G.B., Walsh, M.G., Shepherd, K.D., Sila, A., MacMillan, R.A., Jesus, J., and Tamene, L. (2015). Mapping Soil Properties of Africa at 250 m Resolution: Random Forests Significantly Improve Current Predictions. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125814"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.01.001","article-title":"Spatial Prediction of Soil Surface Texture in a Semiarid Region Using Random Forest and Multiple Linear Regressions","volume":"139","author":"Bhering","year":"2016","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114061","article-title":"High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Mapping of Soil Texture of China","volume":"361","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Wang, X., Li, S., Zhu, B., Hou, J., and Song, K. (2023). Soil Texture Mapping in Songnen Plain of China Using Sentinel-2 Imagery. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225351"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2006.00866.x","article-title":"Cokriging Particle Size Fractions of the Soil","volume":"58","author":"Lark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106514","article-title":"Soil Particle Size Prediction Using Vis-NIR and pXRF Spectra in a Semiarid Agricultural Ecosystem in Central Anatolia of T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"217","author":"Gozukara","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2003.08.018","article-title":"A Generic Framework for Spatial Prediction of Soil Variables Based on Regression-Kriging","volume":"120","author":"Hengl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.03.007","article-title":"Robust Variogram Estimation Combined with Isometric Log-Ratio Transformation for Improved Accuracy of Soil ParticlFraction Mapping","volume":"324","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-24-2505-2020","article-title":"Systematic Comparison of Five Machine-Learning Models in Classification and Interpolation of Soil Particle Size Fractions Using Different Transformed Data","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2019.06.006","article-title":"Some Practical Aspects of Predicting Texture Data in Digital Soil Mapping","volume":"194","author":"Minasny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0101-4","article-title":"Trade-off Analyses of Multiple Ecosystem Services by Plantations along a Precipitation Gradient across Loess Plateau Landscapes","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2246","article-title":"Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Eco-Environment Changes in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.102962","article-title":"Advances and Perspectives on Soil Water Research in China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"199","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(02)00039-7","article-title":"Down-Scale Analysis for Water Scarcity in Response to Soil\u2013Water Conservation on Loess Plateau of China","volume":"94","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104786","article-title":"Multifractal characteristics of particle size distributions (50\u2013200 m) in soils in the vadose zone on the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"205","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-2095-z","article-title":"Large-Scale Spatial Interpolation of Soil pH across the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2017.11.0391","article-title":"Factors Affecting Soil Desiccation Spatial Variability in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30850-7","article-title":"Deep Soil Water Storage Varies with Vegetation Type and Rainfall Amount in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2019.100493","article-title":"Soil Erosion Control Practices in the Chinese Loess Plateau: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1999.0618","article-title":"Soil and Water Loss from the Loess Plateau in China","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5331","article-title":"Assessment of Climate Change Trends over the Loess Plateau in China from 1901 to 2100","volume":"38","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhang, X., Tang, W., Ding, L., Ma, J., and Zhang, X. (2021). Daily 1-Km All-Weather Land Surface Temperature Dataset for the Chinese Landmass and Its Surrounding Areas (TRIMS LST; 2000-2021), National Tibetan Plateau Data Center."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Jia, L., and Hu, G. (2022). ETMonitor Global Actual Evapotranspiration Dataset with 1-Km Resolution, National Tibetan Plateau Data Center."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746027","article-title":"A Feedback Based Modification of the NDVI to Minimize Canopy Background and Atmospheric Noise","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00197-8","article-title":"Comparing Prediction Power and Stability of Broadband and Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices for Estimation of Green Leaf Area Index and Canopy Chlorophyll Density","volume":"76","author":"Broge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"427","article-title":"A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units","volume":"51","author":"Desmet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050103","article-title":"Digital Terrain Modelling: A Review of Hydrological, Geomorphological, and Biological Applications","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1029\/2002WR001426","article-title":"A Multiresolution Index of Valley Bottom Flatness for Mapping Depositional Areas","volume":"39","author":"Gallant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.08199","article-title":"Variable Importance Assessment in Regression: Linear Regression versus Random Forest","volume":"63","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-005-0054-1","article-title":"Newer Classification and Regression Tree Techniques: Bagging and Random Forests for Ecological Prediction","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1157","article-title":"A survey on multi-output regression","volume":"5","author":"Borchani","year":"2015","journal-title":"WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"80","article-title":"Multivariate random forests. Wiley Interdisc Rew Data Min","volume":"1","author":"Segal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Multivariate Regression Trees: A New Technique for Modeling Species-Environment Relationships","volume":"83","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2409","article-title":"Survey on Multi-Output Learning","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.107801","article-title":"A Data-Driven Shale Gas Production Forecasting Method Based on the Multi-Objective Random Forest Regression","volume":"196","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.01.029","article-title":"Mapping Soil Particle-Size Fractions: A Comparison of Compositional Kriging and Log-Ratio Kriging","volume":"546","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., and Buccianti, A. (2011). Compositional Data Analysis: Theory and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119976462"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F04003","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000749","article-title":"Influence of Soil Water Content on the Thermal Infrared Emissivity of Bare Soils: Implication for Land Surface Temperature Determination","volume":"112","author":"Mira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-3765-2016","article-title":"Estimating Spatially Distributed Soil Texture Using Time Series of Thermal Remote Sensing\u2014A Case Study in Central Europe","volume":"20","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"275","article-title":"Studies of Soil Temperature on the Basis of Satellite Data","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Agrophysics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.-C., Zhang, G.-L., Zhao, M.-S., Pan, X.-Z., Zhao, Y.-G., Li, D.-C., and Macmillan, B. (2015). Retrieval and Mapping of Soil Texture Based on Land Surface Diurnal Temperature Range Data from MODIS. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129977"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.03.026","article-title":"Satellite Land Surface Temperature and Reflectance Related with Soil Attributes","volume":"325","author":"Bedin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.10.027","article-title":"Estimating Groundwater Evapotranspiration from Irrigated Cropland Incorporating Root Zone Soil Texture and Moisture Dynamics","volume":"543","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.02.009","article-title":"Regional Evapotranspiration Estimates Using the Relative Soil Moisture Ratio Derived from SMAP Products","volume":"216","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"160","article-title":"Estimation of Real Evapotranspiration and Its Variation in Mediterranean Landscapes of Central-Southern Chile","volume":"28","author":"Mattar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wu, X., Wu, T., Zhao, L., Li, R., Li, W., Hu, G., Zou, D., Ni, J., and Du, Y. (2022). Soil Texture and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153797"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrabi-Gohari, E., Mehrabi-Gohari, H., Jafari, A., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., and Triantafilis, J. (2019). The Spatial Prediction of Soil Texture Fractions in Arid Regions of Iran. Soil Syst., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/soilsystems3040065"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2013.802643","article-title":"Spatial estimation of surface soil texture using remote sensing data","volume":"59","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sparks, D.L. (2010). Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1993.03615995005700020026x","article-title":"Soil Attribute Prediction Using Terrain Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/15324982.2013.828801","article-title":"Digital Mapping of Soil Classes Using Decision Tree and Auxiliary Data in the Ardakan Region, Iran","volume":"28","author":"Sarmadian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arid Land Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12668","article-title":"Digital mapping of soil texture classes using Random Forest classification algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Dharumarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00921-4","article-title":"Provenance of Loess Material and Formation of Loess Deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"203","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL006110","article-title":"Coeval Changes in Grain Size and Sedimentation Rate of Eolian Loess, the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.06.011","article-title":"Rates and Spatial Variations of Soil Erosion in Europe: A Study Based on Erosion Plot Data","volume":"122","author":"Cerdan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.11.018","article-title":"Challenging the Land Degradation in China\u2019s Loess Plateau: Benefits, Limitations, Sustainability, and Adaptive Strategies of Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"127","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-013-1065-z","article-title":"Soil Erosion and Its Response to the Changes of Precipitation and Vegetation Cover on the Loess Plateau","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.05.005","article-title":"Comparison of Soil Erosion Models Used to Study the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-019-01214-w","article-title":"Assessment of ecosystem services in restoration programs in China: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"341","article-title":"Tillage\u2014Impact on Infiltration of the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B\u2014Soil Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.08.006","article-title":"Mulching Practices for Reducing Soil Water Erosion: A Review","volume":"161","author":"Prosdocimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10298","DOI":"10.1021\/es2038992","article-title":"Check Dam in the Loess Plateau of China: Engineering for Environmental Services and Food Security","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2012.668650","article-title":"Soil Erosion Control and Sediment Load Reduction in the Loess Plateau: Policy Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Xin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2010.01.008","article-title":"The Impact of Vegetative Cover Type on Runoff and Soil Erosion under Different Land Uses","volume":"81","author":"Mohammad","year":"2010","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-013-9512-z","article-title":"Mapping Soil Particle Size Fractions Using Compositional Kriging, Cokriging and Additive Log-Ratio Cokriging in Two Case Studies","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7307-8","article-title":"Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Different Types of Sand Dune in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Adjacent to North of Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"77","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1851","article-title":"Estimating regional losses of soil water due to the conversion of agricultural land to forest in China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0150-8","article-title":"Greening China Naturally","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116365","article-title":"Multivariate random forest for digital soil mapping","volume":"431","author":"Heuvelink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/5\/785\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:16Z","timestamp":1760105056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/5\/785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16050785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16050785","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]}}}