{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:09:41Z","timestamp":1769519381655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive plants are a serious problem in island ecosystems and are the main cause of the extinction of endemic species. Cuba is located within one of the hotspots of global biodiversity, which, coupled with high endemism and the impacts caused by various disturbances, makes it a region particularly sensitive to potential damage by invasive plants like Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight &amp; Arn. (marab\u00fa). However, there is a lack of timely information for monitoring this species, as well as about the land use and land cover (LULC) classes most significantly impacted by this invasion in the last few decades and their spatial distribution. The main objective of this study, carried out in Central Cuba, was to detect and monitor the spread of marab\u00fa over a 28-year period. The land covers for the years 1994 and 2022 were classified using Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI images with three different classification algorithms: maximum likelihood (ML), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF). The results obtained showed that RF outperformed the other classifiers, achieving AUC values of 0.92 for 1994 and 0.97 for 2022. It was confirmed that the area covered by marab\u00fa increased by 29,555 ha, from 61,977.59 ha in 1994 to 91,533.47 ha in 2022 (by around 48%), affecting key land covers like woodlands, mangroves, and rainfed croplands. These changes in the area covered by marab\u00fa were associated, principally, with changes in land uses and tenure and not with other factors, such as rainfall or relief in the province. The use of other free multispectral imagery, such as Sentinel 2 data, with higher temporal and spatial resolution, could further refine the model\u2019s accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1708944017000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mapping and Monitoring of the Invasive Species Dichrostachys cinerea (Marab\u00fa) in Central Cuba Using Landsat Imagery and Machine Learning (1994\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5993-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Valero-Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian, Forest and Environmental Systems, Agri-Food Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Provincial Meteorological Centre of Ciego de \u00c1vila, Institute of Meteorology, Avenida de los Deportes S\/N, Ciego de \u00c1vila 65100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-De Zayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Universidad de Ciego de \u00c1vila, Ciego de \u00c1vila 65100, Cuba"},{"name":"Centre for Geomatic, Environmental and Marine Estudies (GEOMAR), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Matos-Pupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Meteorological Centre of Ciego de \u00c1vila, Institute of Meteorology, Avenida de los Deportes S\/N, Ciego de \u00c1vila 65100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel Luis","family":"Becerra-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moron Geodesy and Cadaster Facility, Mor\u00f3n 67210, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1530-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flor","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agrarian and Forest Engineering, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24404 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubyna, D.V., Dziuba, T.P., Iemelianova, S.M., Protopopova, V.V., and Shevera, M.V. 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