{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:53:32Z","timestamp":1783022012151,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61172017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61172017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noise suppression is essential in time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data processing and interpretation. TDEM data are typically in broadband signal, which makes it difficult to separate the signal in the whole frequency band. The conventional methods tend to process data trace by trace, ignoring the lateral continuity between channels. This paper proposes a workflow based on multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD) and multivariate detrended fluctuation analysis (MDFA) to deal with the noise in 2-D TDEM data. The proposed method initially employs MVMD to decompose TDEM signals into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Subsequently, MDFA is used to calculate the scaling exponent of each IMF, facilitating the selection of signal-dominant IMFs. Finally, the signal IMFs are summed up to reconstruct the TDEM signal. Both simulation and field results demonstrate that, by considering the lateral continuity of data across channels, the proposed method is more effective at noise removal than other single-channel data processing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1708944017000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Time-Domain Electromagnetic Noise Suppression Using Multivariate Variational Mode Decomposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6579-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Navigation Instruments Research Institute, Tianjin 300131, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Special Severe Enviroment Computer, Tianjin 300131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2020.104242","article-title":"TDEM prospections for inland groundwater exploration in semiarid climate, Island of Fogo, Cape Verde","volume":"184","author":"Amato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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