{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T20:08:50Z","timestamp":1776542930698,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global sea level rise (SLR) has emerged as a pressing concern because of its impacts, especially increased vulnerability of coastal urban areas flooding. This study addresses the pressing concern of SLR and flood vulnerability in the East Coast of North Sumatra (ECNS) and Medan City. We employ a data-driven approach integrating multicriteria analysis, analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based weighting, and spatial modeling within a geographic information system framework. The analysis considers crucial factors such as slope, land use, soil type, SLR, and land deformation. The study expands the existing framework by incorporating SLR and land subsidence, acknowledging their significant roles in exacerbating flood vulnerability. Future flood-intensity scenarios are simulated based on SLR projections. Data for spatial analysis primarily originated from multisensor satellite imagery, secondary sources from published literature, and field surveys. We validated the consistency of the variable weightings assigned for vulnerability analysis using a consistency ratio threshold (&lt;0.1). Finally, the established flood vulnerability model was validated by comparing its predictions with recorded flood events in the ECNS and Medan City. The ECNS and Medan City areas were classified as very high and highly vulnerable to flooding, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1709278581000},"page":"865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sea Level Rise, Land Subsidence, and Flood Disaster Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study in Medan City, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jonson","family":"Lumban-Gaol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Josaphat Tetuko Sri","family":"Sumantyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Efendy","family":"Tambunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Situmorang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"I Made Oka Guna","family":"Antara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}]},{"given":"Maya Eria","family":"Sinurat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ni Putu Asri Ratna","family":"Suhita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Osawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Application of Satellite Remote Sensing (YUCARS), Yamaguchi University, Ube 755-0097, Japan"}]},{"given":"Risti Endriani","family":"Arhatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-011-9119-1","article-title":"Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century","volume":"32","author":"Church","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surv. 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