{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:55:26Z","timestamp":1775789726592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3800703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3800703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in China became a World Cultural Heritage Site in 2014, and the water quality of this ancient man-made canal has increasingly attracted societal attention. This study focuses on monitoring the water quality of the Beijing section of the Grand Canal (BGC) using remote sensing technology. Analysis of the comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) indicates that the water in the Canal was predominantly light eutrophic from 2016 to 2022. The annual average results of the TLI reveal that the water quality in the Kunming Lake and North Canal of BGC is generally good, characterized by some mesotrophic waters, and others are in light eutrophication. The TLI for the entire BGC water body decreased from 64.7 in 2016 to 60.3 in 2022, indicating an improvement trend in water quality. Notably, the proportion of good water with TLI less than 60 increased from 50% in 2016 to 83% in 2022. This improvement of water quality may be attributed to the reduced use of fertilizers and pesticides and the implementation of various environmental policies by Beijing Municipal government. These findings offer valuable insights for the management and protection of the water resources of the BGC, and further contribute to the evaluation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Satellite-Based Water Quality Assessment of the Beijing Section of the Grand Canal: Implications for SDG11.4 Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Institute of Surveying and Mapping of Land Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Shenglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9628-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pan, X.T. (People\u2019s Daily Overseas Edition, 2022). Millennium Canal Welcomes Century Revival, People\u2019s Daily Overseas Edition."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Yang, J. (2012). Study on the Ecological Environmental Change of the Jing-Hang Grand Canal, Nanjing Forestry University."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5","article-title":"Land Cover Change and Landscape Pattern Evolution in Beiing Section of the Grand Canal","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Beijing Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"49","article-title":"Present the Culture the Preservation Plan of JingHang Grand Canna (BeiJing Part)","volume":"5","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Anc. City"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"4","article-title":"Phytoplankton Evaluation and Cluster Analysis of 5 Landscape-lakes in Beijing","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhao, J.J. (2022). Current Situation Existing Problems and Improvement Path of Water Environment Governance in Beijing, Beijing University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"86","article-title":"Landscape Changes and Heritage Protection of the Beijing Section of the Grand Canal","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yanhuang Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cao, X.W. (2020). Study on the Spatial Characteristics of the Traditional Settlement in the BeijingSection of the Grand Canal, Beijing University of Architecture."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.17149\/ijgp.j.issn.2577.4441.2018.02.002","article-title":"A preliminary study on target 11.4 for UN Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geoherit. Parks"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Grand Canal heritage protection and utilization under the background of applying for world heritage","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Beijing"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"14","article-title":"The Grand Canal steps into the world heritage","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Openings"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3523","article-title":"Ten-year Trend Analysis of Eutrophication Status and the Related Causes in Lake Hongze","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2023.2260783","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in China based on literature and media information","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104599","article-title":"River water quality index prediction and uncertainty analysis: A comparative study of machine learning models","volume":"9","author":"Asadollah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"49","article-title":"Eutrophication of Wetland Water in Fenhe River Scenic Area Based on Comprehensive Nutritional State Index","volume":"4","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Water Conserv. China"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"51","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of nutrient status in Danjiangkou Reservoir","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.18307\/2020.0104","article-title":"The limitations of comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) in the eutrophication assessment of lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during summerseason and recommendation for its improvement","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3314","article-title":"Remote sensing quantitative retrieval of Chlorophyll a and trophie level index in main sagoing rivers of Lianyungang","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evaluate method and classification standard on lake eutrophication","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cai, Q. (2020). Remote Sensing Study on the Spatio-Temporal Variation of Water Quality Distribution in the Jing-Hang Grand Canal over the Past Forty Years, Jiangsu Normal University."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naimaee, R., Kiani, A., Jarahizadeh, S., Haji Seyed Asadollah, S.B., Melgarejo, P., and Jodar-Abellan, A. (2024). Long-Term Water Quality Monitoring: Using Satellite Images for Temporal and Spatial Monitoring of Thermal Pollution in Water Resources. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020646"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133766","article-title":"Disaggregating SDG-6 water stress indicator at different spatial and temporal scales in Tunisia","volume":"694","author":"Fehri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"16","article-title":"Recent research progress on long time series and large scale optical remote sensing of inland water","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.016","article-title":"Remote chlorophyll-a retrieval in turbid, productive estuaries: Chesapeake Bay case study","volume":"109","author":"Gitelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.023","article-title":"Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing to assess spatial distribution of water quality characteristics in large rivers: The Mississippi River and its tributaries in Minnesota","volume":"130","author":"Olmanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23431-9","article-title":"Remote sensing retrieval of inland water quality parameters using Sentinel-2 and multiple machine learning algorithms","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quang, N.H., Dinh, N.T., Dien, N.T., and Son, L.T. (2023). Calibration of Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance for Water Quality Modelling in Binh Dinh\u2019s Coastal Zone of Vietnam. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021410"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhu, Y.F. (2021). Analysis and Optimization Strategy of Typical Waterfront and Water front Landscape of Grand Canal (Beijing Section), Tianjin University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Mueller, J.L., Morel, A., Frouin, R., Davis, C., Arnone, R., Carder, K., and Lee, Z.P. (2003). Volume III: Radiometric Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols, Goddard Space Flight Space Centre."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"8","article-title":"The methods of water spectra measurement and analysis I: Above-water method","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00031869","article-title":"Extraction of chlorophyll a from freshwater phytoplankton for spectrophotometric analysis","volume":"114","author":"Sartory","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbm049","article-title":"Temporal\u2013spatial variations of chlorophyll a and primary production in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China from 1995 to 2003","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-020-0124-4","article-title":"Steady increase in water clarity in Jiaozhou Bay in the Yellow Sea from 2000 to 2018: Observations from MODIS","volume":"39","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, R.T., Wang, S.L., Shi, J.K., Shen, W., Zhang, W.Z., Zhang, F.F., and Li, J.S. (2023). Sentinel-2 MSI Observations of Water Clarity in Inland Waters across Hainan Island and Implications for SDG 6.3.2 Evaluation. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061600"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanda, A., \u0160eri\u0107, L., \u017dagar, D., and O\u0161tir, K. (2023). An application of 1D convolution and deep learning to remote sensing modelling of Secchi depth in the northern Adriatic Sea. Big Earth Data, 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2023.2273058"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"120","article-title":"Extraction of Rivers and Lakes Based on Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing lmages","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geomat. Spatial Inf. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-022-05014-4","article-title":"Phytoplankton biomass variation after cage aquaculture removal from the Daheiting Reservoir, China: Observations from satellite data","volume":"849","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.002","article-title":"Secchi disk depth: A new theory and mechanistic model for underwater visibility","volume":"169","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112667","article-title":"The QAA-RGB: A universal three-band absorption and backscattering retrieval algorithm for high resolution satellite sensors. Development and implementation in ACOLITE","volume":"265","author":"Pitarch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-015-4019-8","article-title":"Monitoring cyanobacteria-dominant algal blooms in eutrophicated Taihu Lake in China with synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.006","article-title":"Fifteen-year monitoring of the turbidity dynamics in large lakes and reservoirs in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"190","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mueller-Wilm, U., Devignot, O., and Pessiot, L. (2018). Sen2Cor Configuration and User Manual, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6076","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1256508","article-title":"A simple correction method for the MODIS surface reflectance product over typical inland waters in China","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll-a remote sensing algorithms for an optically complex estuary","volume":"129","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720170125","article-title":"Remote sensing of the chlorophyll-a based on OLI\/Landsat-8 and MSI\/Sentinel-2A (Barra Bonita reservoir, Brazil)","volume":"90","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh151","article-title":"Effect of a waveband shift on chlorophyll retrieval from MERIS imagery of inland and coastal waters","volume":"27","author":"Gons","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/10106041003763394","article-title":"Plume and bloom: Effect of the Mississippi River diversion on the water quality of Lake Pontchartrain","volume":"25","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00073-9","article-title":"An analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence algorithms for the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS).pdf","volume":"58","author":"Letelier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500075857","article-title":"Detection of intense plankton blooms using the 709\u2009nm band of the MERIS imaging spectrometer","volume":"26","author":"Gower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.016","article-title":"Normalized difference chlorophyll index: A novel model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in turbid productive waters","volume":"117","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011005","article-title":"Evaluation of medium to low resolution satellite imagery for regional lake water quality assessments","volume":"47","author":"Olmanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setiawan, F., Matsushita, B., Hamzah, R., Jiang, D., and Fukushima, T. (2019). Long-Term Change of the Secchi Disk Depth in Lake Maninjau, Indonesia Shown by Landsat TM and ETM+ Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232875"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.033","article-title":"A semi-analytical scheme to estimate Secchi-disk depth from Landsat-8 measurements","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.020","article-title":"Changes in water clarity of the Bohai Sea: Observations from MODIS","volume":"186","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.007","article-title":"Monitoring and understanding the water transparency changes of fifty large lakes on the Yangtze Plain based on long-term MODIS observations","volume":"221","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"102457","article-title":"Water clarity changes in Lake Taihu over 36 years based on Landsat TM and OLI observations","volume":"102","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srs.2020.100012","article-title":"Water property in high-altitude Qinghai Lake in China","volume":"2","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20221232","article-title":"Research progress on remote sensing assessment of lake nutrient status and retrieval algorithms ofcharacteristic parameters","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"11","article-title":"Eutrophication and spatial distribution of N, P and chlorophyl-a in the Taizihe River Basin, LiaoheRiver Catchment","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"5","article-title":"Eutrophication evaluation of Taihu Lake based on quantitative remotesensing inversion","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Jin, X.C. (1995). Chinese Lake Environment Volume One, Ocean Press."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10402381.2014.1001539","article-title":"Regional distribution of Secchi disk transparency in waters of the United States","volume":"31","author":"Carlson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H.D. (2021). Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2020), EDP Sciences.","DOI":"10.1051\/978-2-7598-2442-7"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8552","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1488289","article-title":"Landsat-satellite-based analysis of spatial\u2013temporal dynamics and drivers of CyanoHABs in the plateau Lake Dianchi","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansper, A., and Alikas, K. (2018). Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010064"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"637","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Water Quality Indicators in Small Lakes Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data: Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake, Central Illinois, USA","volume":"8","author":"Seyoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Prog."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhag, M., Gitas, I., Othman, A., Bahrawi, J., and Gikas, P. (2019). Assessment of Water Quality Parameters Using Temporal Remote Sensing Spectral Reflectance in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030556"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.18307\/2023.0411","article-title":"Application limitations and improvement recommendations of trophic state indices in theeutrophication level assessment of small shallow lakes along the lower reach of the Yangtze","volume":"35","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"406","article-title":"Climatic Changes and Impacts on Water Quality of Erhai Lake in Dali Area, Yunnan Province over the Period from 1989 to 2019","volume":"36","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2020.1868584","article-title":"Integrated monitoring of lakes\u2019 turbidity in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 epidemic using multi-sensor satellite observations","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1021\/es8031852","article-title":"Two-Decade Reconstruction of Algal Blooms in China\u2019s Lake Taihu","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Lai, G., and Yu, G. (2006). Hydrology and Management of Forested Wetlands, Proceedings of the International Conference, New Bern, NC, USA, 8\u201312 April 2006, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"State Council (2015, April 16). Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2015-04\/16\/content_9613.htm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy007","article-title":"Safeguarding China\u2019s water resources","volume":"5","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau (2018, July 14). Opinions on Strengthening Ecological Environment Protection and Combating Pollution in Beijing, Available online: https:\/\/sthjj.beijing.gov.cn\/bjhrb\/index\/xxgk69\/sthjlyzwg\/wrfzgjz\/1707132\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"State Council (2019, May 09). Outline of the Plan for Cultural Protection, Inheritance, and Utilization of the Grand Canal, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/2019-05\/09\/content_5390046.htm?eqid=c4a5704700006a04000000046486b5a3."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Standing Committee of Beijing Municipal People\u2019s Congress (2019, July 29). Regulations on the Protection and Management of Rivers and Lakes in Beijing, Available online: https:\/\/www.beijing.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengcefagui\/201907\/t20190729_102510.html."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"101","article-title":"Quality and quantity characteristics of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Projectin Beijing area and its effect on the local rivers and lakes","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. China Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"174","article-title":"Analysis on spatial-temporal differences and influencing factors of industrial water resourcesreen efficiency in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project\u2019s Central Route","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Xu, X.L. (2019, July 29). Release of the Construction and Protection Plan for the Grand Canal National Cultural Park in Beijing. China Cultural Relics Daily, 12 October 2021; p. 002. Available online: https:\/\/en.planning.org.cn\/nua\/view?id=506."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Beijing Municipal Water Bureau (2022, September 16). Beijing Water Resources Guarantee Plan (2020\u20132035), Available online: https:\/\/swj.beijing.gov.cn\/swdt\/tzgg\/202209\/t20220916_2816811.html."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Cai, Y. (2019). The Evaluation Index System of Water-Saving Society Construction Researchof Beijing, Beijing University of Civilengineering and Architecture."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Transforming Tourism (2023, February 19). 2023-SDG Midterm Stocktaking. Available online: http:\/\/www.transforming-tourism.org\/2023-sdg-midterm-stocktaking.html."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/5\/909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:07Z","timestamp":1760105347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/5\/909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16050909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16050909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]}}}