{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:44:20Z","timestamp":1774352660138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greek National Water Monitoring Network","award":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Greek National Water Monitoring Network","award":["Act MIS 5001204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Act MIS 5001204"]}]},{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Greek Biotope\/Wetland Centre (EKBY)","award":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"]}]},{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Greek Biotope\/Wetland Centre (EKBY)","award":["Act MIS 5001204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Act MIS 5001204"]}]},{"name":"General Directorate for Waters of the Ministry of Environment and Energy","award":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"]}]},{"name":"General Directorate for Waters of the Ministry of Environment and Energy","award":["Act MIS 5001204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Act MIS 5001204"]}]},{"name":"European Union Cohesion Fund (Partnership Agreement 2014\u20132020","award":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMD YPEN\/DPDYP\/107168\/1444\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union Cohesion Fund (Partnership Agreement 2014\u20132020","award":["Act MIS 5001204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Act MIS 5001204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquatic vegetation is an essential component of lake ecosystems, used as a biological indicator for in situ monitoring within the Water Framework Directive. We developed a hierarchical object-based image classification model with multi-seasonal Sentinel-2 imagery and suitable spectral indices in order to map the aquatic vegetation in a Mediterranean oligotrophic\/mesotrophic deep lake; we then applied the model to another lake with similar abiotic and biotic characteristics. Field data from a survey of aquatic macrophytes, undertaken on the same dates as EO data, were used within the accuracy assessment. The aquatic vegetation was discerned into three classes: emergent, floating, and submerged aquatic vegetation. Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) proved to be effective in discriminating the three classes in both study areas. Results showed high effectiveness of the classification model in terms of overall accuracy, particularly for the emergent and floating classes. In the case of submerged aquatic vegetation, challenges in their classification prompted us to establish specific criteria for their accurate detection. Overall results showed that GEOBIA based on spectral indices was suitable for mapping aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic\/mesotrophic deep lakes. EO data can contribute to large-scale coverage and high-frequency monitoring requirements, being a complementary tool to in situ monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16050916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T08:35:54Z","timestamp":1709627754000},"page":"916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Geographic Object-Based Image Approach Based on the Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument for Lake Aquatic Vegetation Mapping: A Complementary Tool to In Situ Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9711-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tompoulidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum\u2014Greek Biotope Wetland Centre (EKBY), 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, P.O. Box 60394, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece"}]},{"given":"Elpida","family":"Karadimou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum\u2014Greek Biotope Wetland Centre (EKBY), 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, P.O. Box 60394, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Apostolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum\u2014Greek Biotope Wetland Centre (EKBY), 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, P.O. Box 60394, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Tsiaoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goulandris Natural History Museum\u2014Greek Biotope Wetland Centre (EKBY), 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, P.O. Box 60394, GR-57001 Thermi, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12096","article-title":"Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism","volume":"23","author":"Collen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhaduri, A., Bogardi, J., Leentvaar, J., and Marx, S. (2014). The Global Water System in the Anthropocene: Challenges for Science and Governance, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07548-8"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Likens, G.E. (2010). 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