{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1768568965344,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41861013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41801052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801052"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42071089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071089"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QHDY2022-12-12A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QHDY2022-12-12A"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A-256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-256"]}]},{"name":"Wetland Protection and Restoration Project under the Second Batch of Central Finance Forestry Reform and Development Wetland Subsidy Fund","award":["41861013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861013"]}]},{"name":"Wetland Protection and Restoration Project under the Second Batch of Central Finance Forestry Reform and Development Wetland Subsidy Fund","award":["41801052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801052"]}]},{"name":"Wetland Protection and Restoration Project under the Second Batch of Central Finance Forestry Reform and Development Wetland Subsidy Fund","award":["42071089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071089"]}]},{"name":"Wetland Protection and Restoration Project under the Second Batch of Central Finance Forestry Reform and Development Wetland Subsidy Fund","award":["QHDY2022-12-12A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QHDY2022-12-12A"]}]},{"name":"Wetland Protection and Restoration Project under the Second Batch of Central Finance Forestry Reform and Development Wetland Subsidy Fund","award":["2022A-256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-256"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province University Innovation Fund Project","award":["41861013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861013"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province University Innovation Fund Project","award":["41801052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801052"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province University Innovation Fund Project","award":["42071089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071089"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province University Innovation Fund Project","award":["QHDY2022-12-12A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QHDY2022-12-12A"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province University Innovation Fund Project","award":["2022A-256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-256"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cLight of West China\u201d Program","award":["41861013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861013"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cLight of West China\u201d Program","award":["41801052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801052"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cLight of West China\u201d Program","award":["42071089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071089"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cLight of West China\u201d Program","award":["QHDY2022-12-12A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QHDY2022-12-12A"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cLight of West China\u201d Program","award":["2022A-256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice thickness has a significant effect on the physical and biogeochemical processes of a lake, and it is an integral focus of research in the field of ice engineering. The Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau, known as the Third Pole of the world, contains numerous lakes. Compared with some information, such as the area, water level, and ice phenology of its lakes, the ice thickness of these lakes remains poorly understood. In this study, we used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a 400\/900 MHz ice-penetrating radar to detect the ice thickness of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake. Two observation fields were established on the western side of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake in January 2019 and January 2021, respectively. Based on the in situ ice thickness and the propagation time of the radar, the accuracy of the ice thickness measurements of these two non-freshwater lakes was comprehensively assessed. The results indicate that pre-processed echo images from the UAV-borne ice-penetrating radar identified non-freshwater lake ice, and we were thus able to accurately calculate the propagation time of radar waves through the ice. The average dielectric constants of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake were 4.3 and 4.6, respectively. This means that the speed of the radar waves that propagated through the ice of the non-freshwater lake was lower than that of the radio waves that propagated through the freshwater lake. The antenna frequency of the radar also had an impact on the accuracy of ice thickness modeling. The RMSEs were 0.034 m using the 400 MHz radar and 0.010 m using the 900 MHz radar. The radar with a higher antenna frequency was shown to provide greater accuracy in ice thickness monitoring, but the control of the UAV\u2019s altitude and speed should be addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16060959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T08:56:41Z","timestamp":1710147401000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ice Thickness Assessment of Non-Freshwater Lakes in the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Borne Ice-Penetrating Radar: A Case Study of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huian","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry Engineering, Gansu Forestry Polytechnic, Tianshui 741020, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Monitoring Center for Ecological Resources, Lanzhou 730020, China"},{"name":"Gansu Institute of Forestry Survey and Planning, Lanzhou 730020, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6669-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sugang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5165-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Zhongrui Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, Xining 810008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lake and River Ecosystems","volume":"21","author":"Wetzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00259.x","article-title":"Temporal coherence in the limnology of a suite of lakes in Wisconsin, USA","volume":"23","author":"Magnuson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Freshw. 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