{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:45Z","timestamp":1760144025943,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011368","name":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901383","52231013","SKLA202307","3102021HHZY030011","2021023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a model-independent passive source localization method, employing asynchronous distributed hydrophones in shallow water. Based on the frequency invariability of the acoustic field, assuming the correct source range information, the warped spectra of received signals at distributed hydrophones exhibit identical shapes. Subsequently, a cost function is formulated to mutually align the warped spectra, with its maximum point indicating the source location. The proposed method can locate the source in two-dimensional horizontal space without requiring either angle- or time-synchronization information. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16060982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T08:56:41Z","timestamp":1710147401000},"page":"982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Broadband Source Localization Using Asynchronous Distributed Hydrophones Based on Frequency Invariability of Acoustic Field in Shallow Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhezhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunde","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics and Sensing (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Ocean Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang 215400, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixing","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403406","article-title":"Effects of sound-speed mismatch in the lower water column on matched-field processing","volume":"91","author":"Livingston","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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