{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:14:14Z","timestamp":1772608454193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62231028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62231028"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51839002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51839002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["58900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58900"]}]},{"name":"Dragon 5 Project","award":["62231028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62231028"]}]},{"name":"Dragon 5 Project","award":["51839002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51839002"]}]},{"name":"Dragon 5 Project","award":["58900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doppler mis-registrations in azimuth can lead to ocean waves shorter than a specific wavelength being undetectable by SAR. In order to evaluate the actual ocean wave observation ability, the accuracy of Sentinel-1 SAR ocean wave spectra from January 2016 to December 2021 is evaluated by comparisons to NDBC buoys, ERA5 wave height, and CMEMS buoys. The results compared with NDBC show that the spectral shape of Sentinel-1 SAR ocean wave spectra is accurate, while the spectral values need to be improved. The wave spectra of Sentinel-1 have the best observations in season autumn. The comparison results of total wave height show the RMSE and bias are 0.91 m and \u22120.52 m for the comparisons to NDBC buoy wave spectra data, 0.93 m and \u22120.68 m for the comparison to ERA5 wave height data, and 0.9 m and \u22120.35 m for the comparisons to CMEMS buoy data. The comparison results of wave height in different wind speeds and areas shows that the accuracy of Sentinel-1 wave mode data is relatively good in the open ocean located in middle and low latitude area under the medium wind speed, while those are relatively poor in high latitude areas or the areas with excessively high or low wind speed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16060987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Accuracy Evaluation of Ocean Wave Spectra from Sentinel-1 SAR Based on Buoy Observations and ERA5 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fengjia","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Maritime Silk Road Marine Resources and Environment Networked Observation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 265800, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0456-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.113944","article-title":"Assessment of SWAN and WAVEWATCH-III models regarding the directional wave spectra estimates based on Eastern Black Sea measurements","volume":"272","author":"Amarouche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0040.1","article-title":"A statistical method for correlating paired wave spectra","volume":"32","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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