{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:44:29Z","timestamp":1770151469006,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GNSS is a standard tool for monitoring and studying the Earth\u2019s dynamic environment. However, the development of dense GNSS measurements remains limited in many experiments by the cost of high-class geodetic equipment to achieve the high precision required by many applications. Recently, multi-constellation, multi-frequency, low-power and, above all, less expensive GNSS electronic chips have become available. We present a prototype of a low-cost, open-source multi-GNSS station. Our prototype comprises a dual-frequency GNSS chip, a calibrated antenna, a Raspberry Pi card and a 4G key for data transmission. The system is easy to deploy in the field and allows precise positioning in real-time and post-processing. We assess the performance of our prototype in terms of raw data quality, and quality of the obtained high rate and daily position one-year-long time series. Our results demonstrate a quality equivalent to high-class geodetic equipment and better quality than other low-cost systems proposed so far.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16060991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1710245836000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cost-Efficient Multi-GNSS Station with Real-Time Transmission for Geodynamics Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maurin","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, G\u00e9oazur, 06560 Valbonne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Jarrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, G\u00e9oazur, 06560 Valbonne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Rolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, G\u00e9oazur, 06560 Valbonne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Nocquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, G\u00e9oazur, 06560 Valbonne, France"},{"name":"Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6367-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Vergnolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, G\u00e9oazur, 06560 Valbonne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1770-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Sakic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106801","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/10\/106801","article-title":"Physical applications of GPS geodesy: A review","volume":"79","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. 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