{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:08:08Z","timestamp":1764688088963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geological Survey Projects of China Geological Survey","award":["DD20221645","2015FY210500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20221645","2015FY210500"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Infrastructure Work Projects","award":["DD20221645","2015FY210500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20221645","2015FY210500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tsiolkovsky crater is located on the farside of the Moon. It formed in the late Imbrian epoch and was filled with a large area of mare basalts. Multisource remote sensing data are used to interpret the geological features of the Tsiolkovsky area. Compared with previous studies, new remote sensing data and a chronological model based on crater size\u2013frequency distribution are used to further refine the stratigraphic units and determine the absolute ages of the mare basalt units. The evolution of volcanic activity in this crater is discussed. The results are as follows: Abundances of major elements, Th, and silicate minerals suggest that the mare basalt in the crater floor is not a uniform unit but rather nine units with different compositions. The nine basalt units are divided into two episodes of volcanic activity: The first occurred at 3.5\u20133.7 Ga, when highly evolved lava erupted at the crater floor at a large scale; the second occurred at ~3.4 Ga, when a small area of more primitive lava extended to the northern portion of the crater floor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1710245680000},"page":"1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interpretation of Geological Features and Volcanic Activity in the Tsiolkovsky Region of the Moon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]},{"given":"Kunying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenglong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"given":"Xinbao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Geological Mapping, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"given":"Jiayin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"442","article-title":"Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Chang\u2019 E-5 basalt and discussions on its origin","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Mineral. Petrol. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0076","article-title":"Volcanism and Deep Structures of the Moon","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Space Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.04.040","article-title":"Small-scale lunar farside volcanism","volume":"257","author":"Pasckert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29239","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001244","article-title":"Ages of mare basalts on the lunar nearside","volume":"105","author":"Hiesinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00562211","article-title":"Igneous vs impact processes for the origin of the mare lavas","volume":"6","author":"Gornitz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Moon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941559","article-title":"Analysis of crater distributions in mare units on the lunar far side","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Moon Planets"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058490","article-title":"A description of the crater Tsiolkovsky on the Lunar far side","volume":"42","author":"Tyrie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Earth Moon Planets"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B4-479-2016","article-title":"Mapping of planetary surface age based on crater statistics obtained by an automatic detection algorithm","volume":"41","author":"Salih","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Heather, D.J., and Dunkin, S.K. (2000, January 13\u201317). Stratigraphy of the Lunar crust around the farside craters King and Tsiolkovsky. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08317","article-title":"The global distribution of pure anorthosite on the Moon","volume":"461","author":"Othake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23201","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035868","article-title":"Discoveries on the lithology of lunar crater central peaks by SELENE Spectral Profiler","volume":"35","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"671","article-title":"The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL","volume":"339","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sciencexpress"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21935","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JE001010","article-title":"Tsiolkovsky crater: A window into crustal processes on the lunar farside","volume":"104","author":"Pieters","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.08.017","article-title":"The 1:2,500,000-scale global tectonic map of the Moon","volume":"67","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.06.013","article-title":"Lunar mare TiO2 abundances estimated from UV\/Vis reflectance","volume":"296","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/ac532c","article-title":"Compositional Maps of the Lunar Polar Regions Derived from the Kaguya Spectral Profiler and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data","volume":"3","author":"Lemelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planet. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5382.1484","article-title":"Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer","volume":"281","author":"Lawrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20307","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001177","article-title":"Thorium abundances on the lunar surface","volume":"105","author":"Lawrence","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2023.115505","article-title":"New maps of major oxides and Mg# of the lunar surface from additional geochemical data of Chang\u2019E-5 samples and KAGUYA multiband imager data","volume":"397","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"500","article-title":"The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on Chandrayaan-1","volume":"96","author":"Pieters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"188","article-title":"The spectral characteristics and remote detection of minerals in lunar Orientale Basin","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2023.115531","article-title":"Chronology, composition, and mineralogy of mare basalts in the junction of Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Imbrium, Mare Insularum, and Mare Vaporum","volume":"397","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-022-01604-3","article-title":"Updated lunar cratering chronology model with the radiometric age of Chang\u2019e-5 samples","volume":"6","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90138-6","article-title":"Does crater \u201csaturation equilibrium\u201d occur in the solar system?","volume":"60","author":"Hartmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011989004263","article-title":"Catering records in the inner solar system in relation to the lunar reference system","volume":"96","author":"Neukum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.05.021","article-title":"The 1:2,500,000-scale geologic map of the global Moon","volume":"67","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.113464","article-title":"The Tsiolkovskiy crater landslide, the moon: An LROC view","volume":"337","author":"Boyce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G09","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003736","article-title":"Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1","volume":"116","author":"Whitten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01729.x","article-title":"Mineralogy of the lunar crust: Results from Clementine","volume":"34","author":"Tompkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2011.12.012","article-title":"Olivine-rich exposures in the South Pole-Aitken Basin","volume":"218","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13201","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052098","article-title":"Massive layer of pure anorthosite on the Moon","volume":"39","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.09.015","article-title":"Digital and global lithologic mapping of the Moon at a 1:2,500,000 scale","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyce, J.M., and Johnson, D. (1977, January 14\u201318). Ages of flow units in Mare Crisium based on crater density. Proceedings of the 8th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr78879"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Boyce, J.M., Peter, M., and Robinson, P.J. (2016, January 21\u201325). An LROC update: The Tsiolkovsky landslide. Proceedings of the 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.02.041","article-title":"Origin of the anomalously rocky appearance of Tsiolkovsky crater","volume":"273","author":"Greenhagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1986)97<1289:OOPWRB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Origin of planetary wrinkle ridges based on the study of terrestrial analogs","volume":"97","author":"Plescia","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001212","article-title":"Localization of bedding plane slip and backthrust faults above blind thrust faults: Keys to wrinkle ridge structure","volume":"105","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Near, C.R. (2008, February 04). Mare Basalt Database (Major & Trace Elements). Available online: http:\/\/www.3.nd.edu\/~cneal\/Lunar-L\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2006.60.4","article-title":"Thermal and Magmatic Evolution of the Moon","volume":"60","author":"Shearer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.13.050185.001221","article-title":"The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution","volume":"13","author":"Warren","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90184-K","article-title":"Petrogenesis of mare basalts: A record of lunar volcanism","volume":"56","author":"Neal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JE004134","article-title":"Lunar floor-fractured craters: Classification, distribution, origin and implications for magmatism and shallow crustal structure","volume":"117","author":"Jozwiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.12.030","article-title":"Lunar floor-fractured craters: Modes of dike and emplacement and implications of gas production and intrusion cooling on surface morphology and structure","volume":"305","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1086\/110837","article-title":"Ancient giant craters and the age of the Lunar Surface","volume":"74","author":"Baldwin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Volcano-tectionic history of Tsiolkovsky","volume":"9","author":"Wilbur","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lunar Planet Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1000\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:12:32Z","timestamp":1760105552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16061000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16061000","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]}}}