{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:01:51Z","timestamp":1773385311955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["DM1061\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1061\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["DM1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["FAR2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2023"]}]},{"name":"Regional Agency for Territorial Security and Civil Protection of Emilia-Romagna","award":["DM1061\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1061\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Regional Agency for Territorial Security and Civil Protection of Emilia-Romagna","award":["DM1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Regional Agency for Territorial Security and Civil Protection of Emilia-Romagna","award":["FAR2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2023"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","award":["DM1061\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1061\/2021"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","award":["DM1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","award":["FAR2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The combined use of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with an integrated Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) module and an external GNSS base station allows photogrammetric surveys with centimeter accuracy to be obtained without the use of ground control points. This greatly reduces acquisition and processing time, making it possible to perform rapid monitoring of landslides by installing permanent and clearly recognizable optical targets on the ground. In this contribution, we show the results obtained in the Ca\u2019 Lita landslide (Northern Apennines, Italy) by performing multi-temporal RTK-aided UAV surveys. The landslide is a large-scale roto-translational rockslide evolving downslope into an earthslide\u2013earthflow. The test area extends 60 \u00d7 103 m2 in the upper track zone, which has recently experienced two major reactivations in May 2022 and March 2023. A catastrophic event took place in May 2023, but it goes beyond the purpose of the present study. A total of eight UAV surveys were carried out from October 2020 to March 2023. A total of eight targets were installed transversally to the movement direction. The results, in the active portion of the landslide, show that between October 2020 and March 2023, the planimetric displacement of targets ranged from 0.09 m (in the lateral zone) to 71.61 m (in the central zone). The vertical displacement values ranged from \u22122.05 to 5.94 m, respectively. The estimated positioning errors are 0.01 (planimetric) and 0.03 m (vertical). The validation, performed by using data from a permanent GNSS receiver, shows maximum differences of 0.18 m (planimetric) and 0.21 m (vertical). These results, together with the rapidity of image acquisition and data processing, highlight the advantages of using this rapid method to follow the evolution of relatively rapid landslides such as the Ca\u2019 Lita landslide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T04:47:05Z","timestamp":1710478025000},"page":"1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rapid Assessment of Landslide Dynamics by UAV-RTK Repeated Surveys Using Ground Targets: The Ca\u2019 Lita Landslide (Northern Apennines, Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4511-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reggio Emilia Office, Emilia-Romagna Regional Agency for Territorial Security and Civil Protection, Via Emilia Santo Stefano 25, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3718-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201736","article-title":"Time Series Analysis of Landslide Dynamics Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106466","article-title":"Coupling Long-Term GNSS Monitoring and Numerical Modelling of Lateral Spreading for Hazard Assessment Purposes","volume":"296","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. 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