{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:13:52Z","timestamp":1784268832805,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2021WHZ0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0072"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["U1901601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901601"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["42271113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271113"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2022YFD2001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2001105"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021WHZ0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1901601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2001105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021WHZ0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1901601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2001105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences","award":["2021WHZ0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0072"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences","award":["U1901601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901601"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences","award":["42271113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271113"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences","award":["2022YFD2001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2001105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatiotemporal assessment and a comprehensive understanding of cropland sustainability are prerequisites for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable development. However, a remote sensing-based approach framework that is suitable for large-scale and high-precision assessment and can reflect the overall sustainability of cropland has not yet been developed. This study considered a typical lateritic red soil region of Guangdong Province, China, as an example. Cropland sustainability was examined from three aspects: natural capacity, management level, and food productivity. Ten typical indicators, including soil organic matter, pH, irrigation guarantee capability, multiple cropping index, and food productivity, among others, were constructed using remote sensing technology and selected to represent these three aspects. Based on the indicator system, we assessed the spatiotemporal patterns of cropland sustainability from 2010 to 2020. The results showed that the natural capacity, management level, and food productivity of cropland had improved over the 10 years. The cropland sustainability score increased from 67.95 to 69.08 over this period. The sustainability scores for 68.64% of cropland were increased and were largely distributed in the eastern and western region of the study area. The croplands with declining sustainability scores were mostly distributed in the central region. The prefecture-level regions differed in cropland sustainability, with Zhongshan, Zhuhai, and Qingyuan cities exhibiting the highest values, and Zhanjiang the lowest. Exploring the underlying mechanisms of cropland sustainability and proposing improvement measures can guide decision-making, cropland protection, and efficient utilization, especially in similar lateritic red soil regions of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1710759278000},"page":"1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Remote Sensing Approach to Estimating Cropland Sustainability in the Lateritic Red Soil Region of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dingding","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co.,Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100195, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2830-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7999-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co.,Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China (the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.03.008","article-title":"The assessment of land valuation in land consolidation schemes: The need for a new land valuation framework","volume":"54","author":"Demetriou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.05.050","article-title":"Spatial differentiation of indicators presenting selected barriers in the productivity of agricultural areas: A regional approach to setting land consolidation priorities","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3514-6","article-title":"Innovative trend analysis of main agriculture natural hazards in China during 1989\u20132014","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csik\u00f3s, N., Szab\u00f3, B., Hermann, T., Laborczi, A., Matus, J., P\u00e1sztor, L., Szatm\u00e1ri, G., Tak\u00e1cs, K., and T\u00f3th, G. (2023). Cropland productivity evaluation: A 100 m resolution country assessment combining earth observation and direct measurements. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051236"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167084","article-title":"One-third of cropland within protected areas could be retired in China for inferior sustainability and effects","volume":"905","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134615","article-title":"Improving mine reclamation efficiency for farmland sustainable use: Insights from optimizing mining scheme","volume":"379","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2016.03.008","article-title":"Doubled-up legume rotations improve soil fertility and maintain productivity under variable conditions in maize-based cropping systems in Malawi","volume":"145","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W.Y., Jin, J.X., Jin, X.B., Xiao, Y.Y., Ren, J., Liu, J., Sun, R., and Zhou, Y.K. (2019). Analysis of changes and potential characteristics of cultivated land productivity based on MODIS EVI: A case study of Jiangsu Province, China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172041"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X.B., Li, Q.F., Kong, X.B., Cai, W.M., Zhang, B.L., and Lei, M. (2023). Spatial characteristics and obstacle factors of cultivated land quality in an intensive agricultural region of the North China Plain. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12081552"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, B.S., Liu, M.F., Wan, Y.F., and Song, Z.J. (2023). Evolution and coordination of cultivated land multifunctionality in Poyang lake ecological economic zone. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065307"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.54691\/fse.v3i7.5317","article-title":"The impact of land remediation projects on the quality grade assessment of cultivated land","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J.N., Zhang, C., Yun, W.J., Lv, Y.H., Chen, W.L., and Zhu, D.H. (2020). The temporal analysis of regional cultivated land productivity with GPP based on 2000\u20132018 MODIS data. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010411"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F.Q., Mo, C.J., Dai, X.J., and Li, H.M. (2022). Spatial analysis of cultivated land productivity, site condition and cultivated land health at county scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912266"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2022.03.004","article-title":"A spatial frequency\/spectral indicator-driven model for estimating cultivated land quality using the gradient boosting decision tree and genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y.P., Liu, Z.H., Lin, C.J., Hu, Y.M., Zhao, L., Zou, R.Y., Wen, Y., and Mao, X.Y. (2022). A new method for estimating soil fertility using extreme gradient boosting and a backpropagation neural network. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143311"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145765","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of cultivated land quality accounting for ecological environmental condition: A case study in hilly area of northern Hubei province, China","volume":"774","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, D.D., Sun, X., Liang, S.F., Sun, J., Fan, L.L., Chen, H., Xia, L., Zhao, F., Yang, W.Q., and Yang, P. (2022). Spatiotemporal patterns of cultivated land quality integrated with multi-source remote sensing: A case study of Guangzhou, China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051250"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2022.10.001","article-title":"Soil fertility index based on altitude: A comprehensive assessment for the cassava development area in Indonesia","volume":"67","author":"Mujiyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115586","article-title":"Soil acidification and factors controlling topsoil pH shift of cropland in central China from 2008 to 2018","volume":"408","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116620","article-title":"Improving digital mapping of soil organic matter in cropland by incorporating crop rotation","volume":"438","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.07.018","article-title":"Quantifying sensitive soil quality indicators across contrasting long-term land management systems: Crop rotations and nutrient regimes","volume":"248","author":"Kiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtw065","article-title":"On the combined effect of soil fertility and topography on tree growth in subtropical forest ecosystems-a study from SE China","volume":"10","author":"Scholten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147414","article-title":"Evaluation of arable land suitability based on the suitability function-A case study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"787","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106305","article-title":"Study and evaluation of irrigation and drainage networks using analytic hierarchy process in Khuzestan Province: A virtual water approach","volume":"241","author":"Golabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2023.100395","article-title":"Land cover flows and land use intensity in the three decades of the post-communist Czechia: Changing trends and driving forces","volume":"43","author":"Greslova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Li, Q., Xu, T., Wu, Z.X., and Liu, J.Y. (2021). Application of three deep machine-learning algorithms in a construction assessment model of farmland quality at the county scale: Case study of Xiangzhou, Hubei Province, China. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11010072"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150053","article-title":"Fuzzy evaluation of the ecological security of land resources in mainland China based on the Pressure-State-Response framework","volume":"804","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"218","article-title":"Measuring the agricultural sustainability of India: An application of pressure-state-response model","volume":"4","author":"Jatav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.S., Chang, C.Y., Wang, Z.R., Li, T., Li, J.W., and Zhao, G.X. (2022). Identification of cultivated land quality grade using fused multi-source data and multi-temporal crop remote sensing information. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092109"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4614","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4614","article-title":"Optimal deployment of cultivated land quality monitoring points based on satellite image-driven assessment and improved spatial simulated annealing","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Hu, Y.M., Liu, Z.H., Wang, L., Ye, C.D., Mao, X.Y., and Xie, X. (2022). Cultivated land quality evaluated using the RNN algorithm based on multisource data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236014"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111284","article-title":"An evaluation framework for urban ecological compensation priority in China based on meta-analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation","volume":"158","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110421","article-title":"Construction and application of urban water system connectivity evaluation index system based on PSR-AHP-Fuzzy evaluation method coupling","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.07.002","article-title":"Towards realistic assessment of cultivated land quality in an ecologically fragile environment: A satellite imagery-based approach","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.12.002","article-title":"Spatial variability of potassium in agricultural soils of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland","volume":"290","author":"Blanchet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating temporal changes in soil carbon stocks at ecoregional scale in Madagascar using remote-sensing","volume":"54","author":"Grinand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.193","article-title":"Mapping soil organic matter in the Baranja region (Croatia): Geological and anthropic forcing parameters","volume":"643","author":"Bogunovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2019.104544","article-title":"Variability and determinants of soil organic matter under different land uses and soil types in eastern China","volume":"198","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.113896","article-title":"Prediction of soil organic matter using multi-temporal satellite images in the Songnen Plain, China","volume":"356","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"102111","article-title":"Regional soil organic carbon prediction model based on a discrete wavelet analysis of hyperspectral satellite data","volume":"89","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.09.005","article-title":"Estimating temporal changes in soil pH in the black soil region of Northeast China using remote sensing","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.151","article-title":"Mapping dynamics of soil organic matter in croplands with MODIS data and machine learning algorithms","volume":"669","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105888","article-title":"Soil C, N, P stocks and stoichiometry as related to land use types and erosion conditions in lateritic red soil region, south China","volume":"210","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107289","article-title":"Sugarcane planting patterns control ephemeral gully erosion and associated nutrient losses: Evidence from hillslope observation","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1360\/03wd0476","article-title":"Reference benchmarks relating to great groups of genetic soil classification of China with soil taxonomy","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"322","article-title":"Spatial variability of topsoil nutrients in typical lateritic red soil areas of Guangdong Province","volume":"35","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1490-0","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010\u20132015","volume":"28","author":"Ning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107618","article-title":"A comparison of importance of modelling method and sample size for mapping soil organic matter in Guangdong, China","volume":"126","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"149","article-title":"An evaluation of remote sensing derived soil pH and average spring groundwater table for ecological assessments","volume":"43","author":"Roelofsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11867","article-title":"Evaluation of soil and water conservation function in the Wugong mountain meadow based on the comprehensive index method","volume":"8","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, L.N., Hu, Y., Li, J.Y., and Du, Q.Y. (2017). An improved evaluation scheme for performing quality assessments of unconsolidated cultivated land. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9081312"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e01975","article-title":"Optimizing land use systems of an agricultural watershed in China to meet ecological and economic requirements for future sustainability","volume":"33","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01065-9","article-title":"Annual dynamic dataset of global cropping intensity from 2001 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128097","article-title":"Land evaluation and site assessment for the basic farmland protection in Lingyuan County, Northeast China","volume":"314","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111168","article-title":"Ecosystem health risk assessment of lakes in the Inner Mongolian Plateau based on the coupled AHP-SOM-CGT model","volume":"156","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y.T., Jin, X.B., Xiang, X.M., Gan, L., Yang, X.H., Zhang, Z.H., and Zhou, Y.K. (2018). Evaluating and predicting the effectiveness of farmland consolidation on improving agricultural productivity in China. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198171"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-019-00714-4","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall over a forested river basin in NW Borneo","volume":"132","author":"Vijith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.09.001","article-title":"Trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for detecting land degradation and regeneration in Mongolia","volume":"113","author":"Eckert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garroutte, E.L., Hansen, A.J., and Lawrence, R.L. (2016). Using NDVI and EVI to map spatiotemporal variation in the biomass and quality of forage for migratory elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050404"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111402","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of agricultural soil health: A novel soil health index based on natural soil productivity and human management","volume":"277","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118532","article-title":"A comprehensive method for improvement of water quality index (WQI) models for coastal water quality assessment","volume":"219","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"593","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes of cropland soil acidification and their influencing factors in different regions of Guangdong Province China","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.03.013","article-title":"Long-term impact of socio-economic changes on agricultural land use in the Polish Carpathians","volume":"64","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102159","article-title":"Shared Socio-economic Pathways for European agriculture and food systems: The Eur-Agri-SSPs","volume":"65","author":"Mitter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.08.082","article-title":"Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: A review","volume":"227","author":"Kavitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104633","article-title":"Application of manure and biofertilizer to improve soil properties and increase grain yield, essential oil and \u03c9 of purslane (L.) under drought stress","volume":"205","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166729","article-title":"Sustainable SMART fertilizers in agriculture systems: A review on fundamentals to in-field applications","volume":"904","author":"Shanmugavel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110242","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of irrigation water use coefficients in China","volume":"262","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.002","article-title":"Water conservancy projects in China: Achievements, challenges and way forward","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.01.060","article-title":"Spatial optimization of cropping pattern for sustainable food and biofuel production with minimal downstream pollution","volume":"212","author":"Femeena","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.03.030","article-title":"Scale-appropriate mechanization impacts on productivity among smallholders: Evidence from rice systems in the mid-hills of Nepal","volume":"85","author":"Paudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.07.001","article-title":"Cultivated land productivity potential improvement in land consolidation schemes in Shenyang, China: Assessment and policy implications","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104435","article-title":"Identifying the driving forces of non-grain production expansion in rural China and its implications for policies on cultivated land protection","volume":"92","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124806","article-title":"Impact of government subsidy on agricultural production and pollution: A game-theoretic approach","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:29Z","timestamp":1760105729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16061069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16061069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]}}}