{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:16:04Z","timestamp":1783937764554,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","award":["CD 97790401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD 97790401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent developments in Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAVs), thermal imaging, and Auto-machine learning (AutoML) have shown high potential for precise wildlife surveys but have rarely been studied for habitat assessment. Here, we propose a framework that leverages these advanced techniques to achieve cost-effective habitat quality assessment from the perspective of actual wildlife community usage. The framework exploits vision intelligence hidden in the UAV thermal images and AutoML methods to achieve cost-effective wildlife distribution mapping, and then derives wildlife use indicators to imply habitat quality variance. We conducted UAV-based thermal wildlife surveys at three wetlands in the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska. Experiments were set to examine the optimal protocols, including various flight designs (61 and 122 m), feature types, and AutoML. The results showed that UAV images collected at 61 m with a spatial resolution of 7.5 cm, combined with Faster R-CNN, returned the optimal wildlife mapping (more than 90% accuracy). Results also indicated that the vision intelligence exploited can effectively transfer the redundant AutoML adaptation cycles into a fully automatic process (with around 33 times efficiency improvement for data labeling), facilitating cost-effective AutoML adaptation. Eventually, the derived ecological indicators can explain the wildlife use status well, reflecting potential within- and between-habitat quality variance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:04:12Z","timestamp":1710911052000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Combining Multi-View UAV Photogrammetry, Thermal Imaging, and Computer Vision Can Derive Cost-Effective Ecological Indicators for Habitat Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Drahota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Funk, NE 68940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Woldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Varner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainwater Basin Joint Venture, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Island, NE 68803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainwater Basin Joint Venture, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Island, NE 68803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"LaGrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M. U.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenghong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Regional Planning Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2307\/3808148","article-title":"Density as a Misleading Indicator of Habitat Quality","volume":"47","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schamberger, M., Farmer, A.H., and Terrell, J.W. (1982). 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