{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:19Z","timestamp":1760144239851,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)","award":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"]}]},{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service","award":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803304","ATIC-202301003","LSKJ202201302","2019B02","G623CY125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to accomplish the calibration and validation (Cal\/Val) of altimeters, the Wanshan calibration site (WSCS) has been used as a calibration site for satellite altimeters since its completion in August 2019. In this paper, we introduced the WSCS and the dedicated equipment including permanent GNSS reference stations (PGSs), acoustic tide gauges (ATGs), and dedicated GNSS buoys (DGB), etc. placed on Zhi\u2019wan, Wai\u2019ling\u2019ding, Dan\u2019gan, and Miao\u2019Wan islands of the WSCS. The PGSs data of Zhi\u2019wan and Wai\u2019ling\u2019ding islands were processed and analyzed using the GAMIT\/GLOBK (Version 10.7) and Hector (Version 1.9) software to define the datum for Cal\/Val of altimeters in WSCS. The DGB was used to transfer the datum from the PGSs to the ATGs of Zhi\u2019wan, Wai\u2019ling\u2019ding, and Dan\u2019gan islands. Separately, the tidal and mean sea surface (MSS) corrections are needed in the Cal\/Val of altimeters. We evaluated the global\/regional tide models of FES2014, HAMTIDE12, DTU16, NAO99jb, GOT4.10, and EOT20 using the three in situ tide gauge data of WSCS and Hong Kong tide gauge data (No. B329) derived from the Global Sea Level Observing System. The HAMTIDE12 tide model was chosen to be the most accurate one to maintain the tidal difference between the locations of the ATGs and the altimeter footprints. To establish the sea surface connections between the ATGs and the altimeter footprints, a GPS towing body and a highly accurate ship-based SSH measurement system (HASMS) were used to measure the sea surface of this area in 2018 and 2022, respectively. The global\/regional mean sea surface (MSS) models of DTU 2021, EGM 2008 (mean dynamic topography minus by CLS_MDT_2018), and CLS2015 were accurately evaluated using the in situ measured data and HY-2A altimeter, and the CLS2015 MSS model was used for Cal\/Val of altimeters in WSCS. The data collected by the equipment of WSCS, related auxiliary models mentioned above, and the sea level data of the hydrological station placed on Dan\u2019gan island were used to accomplish the Cal\/Val of HY-2B, HY-2C, Jason-3, and Sentinel-3A (S3A) altimeters. The bias of HY-2B (Pass No. 375) was \u221216.7 \u00b1 45.2 mm, with a drift of 0.5 mm\/year. The HY-2C biases were \u221218.9 \u00b1 48.0 mm with drifts of 0.0 mm\/year and \u22125.6 \u00b1 49.3 mm with \u22120.3 mm\/year drifts for Pass No. 170 and 185, respectively. The Jason-3 bias was \u22124.1 \u00b1 78.7 mm for Pass No. 153 and \u221225.8 \u00b1 85.5 mm for Pass No. 012 after it has changed its orbits since April 2022, respectively. The biases of S3A were determined to be \u221216.5 \u00b1 46.3 mm with a drift of \u22120.6 mm\/year and \u22129.8 \u00b1 30.1 mm with a drift of 0.5 mm\/year for Pass No. 260 and 309, respectively. The calibration results show that the WSCS can commercialize the satellite altimeter calibration. We also discussed the calibration potential for a wide swath satellite altimeter of WSCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T09:14:33Z","timestamp":1710926073000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altimeter Calibrations in the Preliminary Four Years\u2019 Operation of Wanshan Calibration Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wanlin","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuntao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 266004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longhao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1034-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Altimetry Team (2021). Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress. Adv. Space Res., 68, 319\u2013363."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0065.1","article-title":"Success Stories of Satellite Radar Altimeter Applications","volume":"103","author":"Eldardiry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertikas, S.P., Lin, M., Piretzidis, D., Kokolakis, C., Donlon, C., Ma, C., Zhang, Y., Jia, Y., Mu, B., and Frantzis, X. (2023). Absolute Calibration of the Chinese HY-2B Altimetric Mission with Fiducial Reference Measurement Standards. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051393"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24487","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC01300","article-title":"Calibration of the TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimeters at Lampedusa: Additional results at Harvest","volume":"99","author":"Jeansou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.09.049","article-title":"Corsica: A 20-Yr multi-mission absolute altimeter calibration site","volume":"68","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.08.013","article-title":"A brief history of the Harvest experiment: 1989\u20132019","volume":"68","author":"Haines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2019_63","article-title":"Absolute Calibration of Sentinel-3A and Jason-3 Altimeters with Sea-Surface and Transponder Techniques in West Crete, Greece","volume":"Volume 150","author":"Mertikas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fiducial Reference Measurements for Altimetry (Part of the \u201cInternational Association of Geodesy Symposia Book Series\u201d)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.988832","article-title":"Global Calibration of SARAL\/AltiKa Using Multi-Mission Sea Surface Height Crossovers","volume":"38","author":"Dettmering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2011.584834","article-title":"Absolute calibration in bass strait, Australia: TOPEX, Jason-1 and OSTM\/Jason-2","volume":"34","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.07.007","article-title":"GPS-based sea level measurements to help the characterization of land contamination in coastal areas","volume":"51","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.06.017","article-title":"Regional in situ validation of satellite altimeters: Calibration and cross-calibration results at the Corsican sites","volume":"51","author":"Cancet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410290051527","article-title":"Absolute Calibration of the TOPEX\/POSEIDON Altimeters using UK Tide Gauges, GPS, and Precise, Local Geoid-Differences","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2019.104009","article-title":"Mean sea surface model over China seas and its adjacent ocean established with the 19-year moving average method from multi-satellite altimeter data","volume":"192","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2016.04.006","article-title":"The global mean sea surface model WHU2013","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring the Performance of HY-2B and Jason-2\/3 Sea Surface Height via the China Altimetry Calibration Cooperation Plan","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, W., Zhu, J., Lin, M., Ma, C., Chen, C., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, W., Wang, H., and Yan, L. (2022). GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site. Remote Sens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246235"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-022-2109-y","article-title":"Obtaining accurate measurements of the sea surface height from a GPS buoy","volume":"42","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-020-1599-8","article-title":"Measurement of the sea surface using a GPS towing-body in Wanshan area","volume":"39","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Herring, T., King, R., and McClusky, S. (2018). Introduction to GAMIT\/GLOBK (Release 10.7), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Available online: http:\/\/geoweb.mit.edu\/gg\/Intro_GG.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0605-0","article-title":"Fast error analysis of continuous GNSS observations with missing data","volume":"87","author":"Bos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizos, C., and Willis, P. (2015). IAG 150 Years. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30895-1"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Herring, T.A. (2017). TRACK GPS Kinematic Positioning Program, Version 1.07, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Available online: http:\/\/geoweb.mit.edu\/gg\/courses\/201705_Bristol\/pdf\/31-TRACK_Intro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"OSTM (2023, July 30). Jason-3 Products Handbook, Available online: https:\/\/www.ospo.noaa.gov\/Products\/documents\/hdbk_j3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-615-2021","article-title":"FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: Design and performance","volume":"17","author":"Lyard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009766","article-title":"Inferring deep ocean tidal energy dissipation from the global high-resolution data-assimilative HAMTIDE model","volume":"119","author":"Taguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3869-2021","article-title":"EOT20: A global ocean tide model from multi-mission satellite altimetry","volume":"13","author":"Piccioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011157212596","article-title":"Ocean Tide Models Developed by Assimilating TOPEX\/POSEIDON Altimeter Data into Hydrodynamical Model: A Global Model and a Regional Model around Japan","volume":"56","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010830","article-title":"Long-Period Tidal Variations in the Length of Day","volume":"119","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(02)00013-4","article-title":"Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE","volume":"28","author":"Pawlowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, M.A., and Padman, L. (2005). Accuracy assessment of ocean tide models around Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023901"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W7-1521-2017","article-title":"Accuracy Assessment of Recent Global Ocean Tide Models Around Antarctica","volume":"42","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757821","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.757821","article-title":"Advances and accuracy assessment of ocean tide models in the Antarctic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/714044524","article-title":"Leveling the Sea Surface Using a GPS-Catamaran","volume":"26","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-4065-2023","article-title":"The DTU21 global mean sea surface and first evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B04406","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008916","article-title":"The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008)","volume":"117","author":"Pavlis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-789-2021","article-title":"The new CNES-CLS18 global mean dynamic topography","volume":"17","author":"Mulet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC013503","article-title":"Gauging the Improvement of Recent Mean Sea Surface Models: A New Approach for Identifying and Quantifying Their Errors","volume":"123","author":"Pujol","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005179","article-title":"DNSC08 mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models","volume":"114","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1503-6","article-title":"Measurement analyses and evaluations of sea-level heights using the HY-2A satellite\u2019s radar altimeter","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"97","article-title":"Precise orbit determination technology based on dual-frequency GPS solution for HY-2 satellite","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:41Z","timestamp":1760105801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16061087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16061087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}