{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:01:43Z","timestamp":1774317703122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly accurate data on urban and rural settlement (URS) are essential for urban planning and decision-making in response to climate and environmental changes. This study developed an optimal random forest classification model for URSs based on spectral\u2013topographic\u2013radar polarization features using Landsat 8, NASA DEM, and Sentinel-1 SAR as the remote-sensing data sources. An optimal urban and rural settlement boundary (URSB) extraction technique based on morphological and pixel-level statistical methods was established to link discontinuous URSs and improve the accuracy of URSB extraction. An optimal random forest classification model for URSs was developed, as well as a technique to optimize URSB, using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The URSB of Xining, China, in 2020 was then extracted at a spatial resolution of 30 m, achieving an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 96.21% and 0.92, respectively. Compared to using a single spectral feature, these corresponding metrics improved by 16.21% and 0.35, respectively. This research also demonstrated that the newly constructed Blue Roof Index (BRI), with enhanced blue roof features, is highly indicative of URSs and that the URSB was best extracted when the window size of the structural elements was 13 \u00d7 13. These results can be used to provide technical support for obtaining highly accurate information on URSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T10:44:33Z","timestamp":1710931473000},"page":"1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A New Technique for Urban and Rural Settlement Boundary Extraction Based on Spectral\u2013Topographic\u2013Radar Polarization Features and Its Application in Xining, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast Meteorological Disaster Warning and Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Progress on studies of land use\/land cover classification systems","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. 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