{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:04Z","timestamp":1760144104333,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HFIPS Director\u2019s Foundation","award":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"]}]},{"name":"Independent Scientific Research Project of Nanhu Laser Laboratory","award":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0706004","YZJJ2022QN06","22-NHLL-ZZKY-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A regional aerosol model can complement globally averaged models and improve the accuracy of atmospheric numerical models in local applications. This study established a seasonal aerosol model based on data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of the sea area around eastern China, and its performance in calculating the aerosol optical depth (AOD) was evaluated. The seasonal columnar volume particle size distributions (VPSDs) illustrated a bimodal structure consisting of fine and coarse modes. The VPSDs of spring, autumn, and winter roughly agreed with each other, with their amplitudes of fine and coarse modes being almost equal; however, the fine mode of the summer VPSD was approximately twice as high as that of the coarse mode. Lognormal mode decomposition analysis revealed that fine and coarse modes comprised two sub-modes. Fitting the seasonal VPSDs to the four-mode lognormal distribution yielded a parameterized aerosol size distribution model. Furthermore, seasonal variations in complex refractive indices (CRIs) indicated unignorable changes in aerosol compositions. Overall, error analysis validated that the proposed model could meet accuracy requirements for optical engineering applications, with median AOD calculation errors of less than 0.01.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T11:37:22Z","timestamp":1711021042000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Regional Aerosol Model for the Oceanic Area around Eastern China Based on Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shunping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congming","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9575-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9185-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7949-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengcheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heli","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-941-2019","article-title":"Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol is mainly controlled by molecular weight, not water solubility","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Analyzing the influence of atmosphere on optical remote sensing in 400 to 2500 nm wavelength spectrum","volume":"Volume 11566","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AOPC 2020: Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging; and Biomedical Optics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contini, D., Lin, Y.-H., H\u00e4nninen, O., and Viana, M. (2021). Contribution of Aerosol Sources to Health Impacts. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12060730"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-709-2012","article-title":"Toward a minimal representation of aerosol direct and indirect effects: Model description and evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical Properties of Aerosols and cloud: The Software Package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Eijk, A.M.J., Kusmierczyk-Michulec, J.T., and Piazzola, J.J. (2011, January 21\u201325). The Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM): Validation of small-particle modes. Proceedings of the SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.896178"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1556765","article-title":"Development of the Mediterranean extinction code (MEDEX)","volume":"42","author":"Piazzola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025839","article-title":"Estimation of atmospheric aerosol composition from ground-based remote sensing measurements of Sun-sky radiometer","volume":"122","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.037","article-title":"Aerosol modeling at a regional scale: Model-to-data comparison and sensitivity analysis over Greater Paris","volume":"41","author":"Tombette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119674","article-title":"Difference between global and regional aerosol model classifications and associated implications for spaceborne aerosol optical depth retrieval","volume":"300","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005124","article-title":"Variability of aerosol and spectral lidar and backscatter and extinction ratios of key aerosol types derived from selected Aerosol Robotic Network locations","volume":"110","author":"Cattrall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-3449-2021","article-title":"A Dark Target research aerosol algorithm for MODIS observations over eastern China: Increasing coverage while maintaining accuracy at high aerosol loading","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5573-2020","article-title":"Shipborne observations reveal contrasting Arctic marine, Arctic terrestrial and Pacific marine aerosol properties","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2021.107888","article-title":"The primary aerosol models and distribution characteristics over China based on the AERONET data","volume":"275","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167113","article-title":"Long-term observation of columnar aerosol optical properties over the remote South China Sea","volume":"905","author":"Pani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-018-00100-x","article-title":"Aerosol Physical Characteristics over the Yellow Sea During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign: Observations and Air Quality Model Simulations","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001136","article-title":"A Model for Predicting Coastal Aerosol Size Distributions in Chinese Seas","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119054","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of MERRA-2 AOD and DAOD with MODIS DeepBlue and AERONET data in Australia","volume":"277","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-3375-2020","article-title":"The AERONET Version 3 aerosol retrieval algorithm, associated uncertainties and comparisons to Version 2","volume":"13","author":"Sinyuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016689","article-title":"A pure marine aerosol model, for use in remote sensing applications","volume":"117","author":"Sayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.02.011","article-title":"Ship measurements of submicron aerosol size distributions over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.004598","article-title":"Synergetic technique combining elastic backscatter lidar data and sunphotometer AERONET inversion for retrieval by layer of aerosol optical and microphysical properties","volume":"47","author":"Cuesta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-839-2014","article-title":"Multi-modal analysis of aerosol robotic network size distributions for remote sensing applications: Dominant aerosol type cases","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"337","article-title":"Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distributions","volume":"10","author":"Hussein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-017-9156-7","article-title":"Climate and extrema of ocean waves in the East China Sea","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China-Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2023.2184436","article-title":"Estimating the Wind Dependency of Aerosol Optical Depth at Remote Oceanic Regions","volume":"46","author":"Ganguly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6","article-title":"Sea spray aerosol concentration modulated by sea surface temperature","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7356","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.447141","article-title":"Analysis of the atmospheric visibility influencing factors under sea\u2013land breeze circulation","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04203-4","article-title":"Long-term spatiotemporal variations of aerosol optical depth over Yellow and Bohai Sea","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2018.166","article-title":"Absorption properties and size distribution of aerosol particles during the fall season at an urban site of Gwangju, Korea","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.059","article-title":"Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.118081","article-title":"Wintertime aerosol optical properties in Lanzhou, Northwest China: Emphasis on the rapid increase of aerosol absorption under high particulate pollution","volume":"246","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.11.0416","article-title":"Variability of Aerosol Optical Properties Observed at a Polluted Marine (Gosan, Korea) and a High-altitude Mountain (Lulin, Taiwan) Site in the Asian Continental Outflow","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1565-2016","article-title":"Remote sensing of soot carbon\u2014Part 1: Distinguishing different absorbing aerosol species","volume":"16","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.08.007","article-title":"The characteristics of Asian-dust storms during 2000-2002: From the source to the sea","volume":"41","author":"Kai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082056","article-title":"The Fundamental Aerosol Models Over China Region: A Cluster Analysis of the Ground-Based Remote Sensing Measurements of Total Columnar Atmosphere","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E.R., and Schwartz, S.E. (2004). Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models, American Geophysical Union.","DOI":"10.1029\/GM152"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900040","article-title":"Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:29Z","timestamp":1760105849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/6\/1106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16061106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16061106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}