{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:53Z","timestamp":1760144153229,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Funding of the Shandong University of Technology","award":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075","42304039","22R03","SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, photovoltaic power generation and greenhouse planting (PPG&amp;GP) have become effective approaches for reconstructing and restoring the ecological environment of old coal-mining industry bases, such as Xintai City. However, the ecological impacts or improvements of the PPG&amp;GP projects and their daily operations on the local environment are still unclear. To solve these problems, this study retrieved the ground deformation velocities and time series of the study region by performing the Small-Baseline Subset (SBAS)-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PALSAR and Sentinel-1 SAR datasets. With these deformation results, the spatial analysis indicated that the area of the subsidence region within the PPG&amp;GP projects reached 10.70 km2, with a magnitude of approximately \u221221.61 \u00b1 12.10 mm\/yr. Also, even though the ground deformations and their temporal changes were both visible in the construction and operation stages of the PPG&amp;GP projects, the temporal analysis demonstrated that most observation points finally entered into the stationary phases in the late stage of the observation period. This phenomenon validated the effectiveness of the PPG&amp;GP projects in enhancing the ground surface stability in coal-mining areas. Additionally, the precipitation, geological structure, increased coal-mining depths, and emergent agricultural modes were assumed to be the major impact factors controlling the ground deformation within the local PPG&amp;GP projects. Finally, a novel risk assessment method with a designed index of IRA was utilized to classify the ground subsidence risks of the PPG&amp;GP projects into three levels: Low (69.7%), Medium (16.9%), and High (9.4%). This study sheds a bright light on the ecological monitoring and risk management of the burgeoning industrial and agricultural infrastructures, such as the PPG&amp;GP projects, constructed upon the traditional coal-mining areas in China from a multi-temporal InSAR perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T11:37:22Z","timestamp":1711021042000},"page":"1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ground Subsidence, Driving Factors, and Risk Assessment of the Photovoltaic Power Generation and Greenhouse Planting (PPG&amp;GP) Projects in Coal-Mining Areas of Xintai City Observed from a Multi-Temporal InSAR Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Guangcai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"867","article-title":"Spatial distribution and governance of coal-mine subsidence in China","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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