{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:46Z","timestamp":1760144146230,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3007800","2023YFC3007802","CXFZ2024Q008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3007800","2023YFC3007802","CXFZ2024Q008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Special Program for Innovation and Development","award":["2023YFC3007800","2023YFC3007802","CXFZ2024Q008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3007800","2023YFC3007802","CXFZ2024Q008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quality of weather radar affects the reliability and effectiveness of monitoring severe convective weather. Therefore, rigorous calibration and validation are the foundation for the quantitative application of weather radar. Among the available methods, radial velocity validation is of great significance for reducing the false alarm rate in the identification of tornadoes and thunderstorms. Based on the traditional method that utilizes internal and external instrument radar velocity measurements, we propose a weather radar radial velocity validation method that uses RTK UAV to simulate external targets. In addition, according to the characteristics of the UAV application scenarios, we introduce the evaluation parameter of optimal absolute accuracy to supplement the original parametric system. The experimental results show that the evaluation parameter of optimal absolute accuracy can effectively reduce the interference caused by the systematic deviation of the UAV due to the internal and external environment, which can affect the validation results. When the UAV velocity is not greater than 10 m\/s, the optimal absolute accuracy of the radial velocity validation is less than 0.05 m\/s, which is essentially consistent with the external instruments\u2019 measurement results. This method can be effectively applied to the procedural handling of weather radar radial velocity validation. It is significant for ensuring the accuracy and quality of weather radar radial velocity measurements and improving the effectiveness of radar velocity data applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T11:05:33Z","timestamp":1711451133000},"page":"1153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An RTK UAV-Based Method for Radial Velocity Validation of Weather Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yubao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changsha Meteorological Radar Calibration Center, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boshi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Meteorological Equipment Support Center, Shenyang 110166, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changsha Meteorological Radar Calibration Center, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2022.3143442","article-title":"Polarimetric Weather Radar: Overview of principles and applications","volume":"64","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10362","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2933912","article-title":"UAV-Aided Weather Radar Calibration","volume":"57","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"7","article-title":"Calibration Techniques of CINRADA\/SA Radar","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Study on Radar Target RCS Calibration Method Based on UAV","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Radar"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current status and prospects of multi-rotor UAVs use in meteorological detection","volume":"33","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duthoit, S., Salazar, J.L., Doyle, W., Segales, A., Wolf, B., Fulton, C., and Chilson, P. (2017, January 8\u201312). A new approach for in-situ antenna characterization, radome inspection and radar calibration, using an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2017.7944287"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191862","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027779","article-title":"UAV-Based Antenna Measurements for Polarimetric Weather Radars: Probe Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Umeyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191124","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027790","article-title":"UAV-Based Far-Field Antenna Pattern Measurement Method for Polarimetric Weather Radars: Simulation and Error Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Umeyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umeyama, A.Y., Salazar-Cerre\u00f1o, J.L., Wolf, B.M., and Fulton, C.J. (2019, January 23\u201325). Recent Development in UAV-Based Antenna Pattern Characterization for Weather Radars. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), Kuta, Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMA47423.2019.8959698"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Calibration of Weather Radar Using UAV Platform","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Radar"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Williams, E.R., Cho, J.Y.N., Smalley, D.J., Sandifer, J.B., and Erickson, D. (2013, January 16\u201320). End-to-end Calibration of NEXRAD Differential Reflectivity with Metal Spheres. Proceedings of the 36th Conference on Radar Meteorology 2013 American Meteorological Society, Breckenridge, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"517","article-title":"Metal Sphere Calibration for Zpr Parameters of CINRAD\/SA-D Radar","volume":"49","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"129","article-title":"Calibration of vertical-pointing millimeter wave radar with metal sphere","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foreign Electron. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, H., Duan, S., Bi, Y., Lei, H., Lai, Y., Wu, H., and Li, D. (2016, January 10\u201315). Reflectivity Calibration for X-Band Solid-State Radar with Metal Sphere. Proceedings of the 36th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730243"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Zhang, F., Huang, Q., Liu, X., and Li, L. (2023). Analysis of Interpolation Methods in the Validation of Backscattering Coefficient Products. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010469"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"214","article-title":"Methods for Verifying Precisions of Velocity Demarcation of CINRAD","volume":"38","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Galvez, M.B. (2012). The Development and Validation of an X-Band Dual Polarization Doppler Weather Radar Test node for a Tropical Network. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Colorado State University]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Han, X. (2016). Related Algorithms and Technologies of Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation on Antennas. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Science and Technology of China]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Zhang, F., Li, L., Liu, X., Jiao, Y., Yuan, X., and Li, H. (2023). Quick Quality Assessment and Radiometric Calibration of C-SAR\/01 Satellite Using Flexible Automatic Corner Reflector. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010104"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhang, F., Shao, Y., Wei, Q., Huang, Q., and Jiao, Y. (2022). Airborne SAR Radiometric Calibration Based on Improved Sliding Window Integral Method. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010320"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:18:59Z","timestamp":1760105939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16071153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16071153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]}}}