{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:06:12Z","timestamp":1782288372707,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42227801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42227801"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42388102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42388102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CX20230205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230205"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Foundation for postgraduates of Hunan Province","award":["42227801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42227801"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Foundation for postgraduates of Hunan Province","award":["42388102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42388102"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Foundation for postgraduates of Hunan Province","award":["CX20230205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TanDEM-X bistatic interferometric system successfully generated a high-precision, high-resolution global digital elevation model (DEM). However, in forested areas, two core problems make it difficult to obtain sub-canopy topography: (1) the penetrability of short-wave signals is limited, and the DEM obtained in dense forest areas contains a significant forest signal, that is, the scattering phase center (SPC) height; and (2) the single-baseline and single-polarization TanDEM-X interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data cannot provide sufficient observations to make the existing physical model reversible for estimating the real surface phase, whereas the introduction of optical data makes it difficult to ensure data synchronization and availability of cloud-free data. To overcome these problems in accurately estimating sub-canopy topography from TanDEM-X InSAR data, this study proposes a practical method of sub-canopy topography estimation based on the following innovations: (1) An orthogonal polynomial model was established using TanDEM-X interferometric coherence and slope to estimate the SPC height. Interferometric coherence records forest height and dielectric property information from an InSAR perspective and has spatiotemporal consistency with the InSAR-derived DEM. (2) Introduce Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) data to provide more observational information and automatically screen ICESat-2 control points with similar forest and slope conditions in the local area to suppress forest spatial heterogeneity. (3) A weighted least squares criterion was used to solve this model to estimate the SPC height. The results were validated at four test sites using high-precision airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data as a reference. Compared to the InSAR-derived DEM, the accuracy of the sub-canopy topography was improved by nearly 60%, on average. Furthermore, we investigated the necessity of local modeling, confirming the potential of the proposed method for estimating sub-canopy topography by relying only on TanDEM-X and ICESat-2 data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1711459001000},"page":"1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Automated Estimation of Sub-Canopy Topography Combined with Single-Baseline Single-Polarization TanDEM-X InSAR and ICESat-2 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huacan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhou","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20067","article-title":"Large-Scale Hydrologic and Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Amazon River Basin","volume":"49","author":"Buarque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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