{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:37:18Z","timestamp":1775875038135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2022YFC3003403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003403"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["42220104005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42220104005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["41877245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877245"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2022-2-ZD004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-ZD004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3003403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003403"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42220104005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42220104005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41877245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877245"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-2-ZD004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-ZD004"]}]},{"name":"CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd","award":["2022YFC3003403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003403"]}]},{"name":"CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd","award":["42220104005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42220104005"]}]},{"name":"CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd","award":["41877245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877245"]}]},{"name":"CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd","award":["2022-2-ZD004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-ZD004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A considerable number of coal mines employed room and pillar mining in the last century in northern China, where the goaf remained stable for a period of time; however, with the increased exposure of coal pillars, their collapse may gradually increase. The stability assessment of these old rooms and pillar goafs is challenging due to their concealment, irregular mining patterns, and the long passage of time. The methodology developed in this study, based on \u201cspace-sky-earth\u201d remote sensing such as InSAR to trace historical deformation, the UAV observation of current surface damage, and comparison of mining spaces, can rapidly detect on a large scale the collapse of old goafs and the trend of damage. This study is conducted with an example of a coal mine in Yulin, Northern China, where obtained quantitative surface deformation values were integrated with qualitative surface damage interpretation results, followed by a yearly analysis of the overlying rock movement in accordance with the underground coal mining process. The results show that from 2007 to 2021, corresponding surface deformation and damage occurred following mining progress. However, the room and pillar goaf areas had not undergone any surface deformation, nor had there been incidents of landslides or ground fissures; therefore, it was speculated that no roof collapse had occurred in this region. The surface deformation and damage associated with underground coal mining are complex and influenced by the coal seam occurrence, mining methods, strata lithology, terrain slope, temporal evolution, and anthropogenic modifications. These phenomena are representative of the coal mining area, and this methodology can provide a reference for similar endeavors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1711543317000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Research on Collapse Detection in Old Coal Mine Goafs Based on Space\u2013Sky\u2013Earth Remote Sensing Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Weishui Campus of Chang\u2019an University, Weiyang District, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Weishui Campus of Chang\u2019an University, Weiyang District, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Weishui Campus of Chang\u2019an University, Weiyang District, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Peng, S.P., Zhang, B., and Sun, X.D. 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Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233884"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:19:28Z","timestamp":1760105968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16071164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16071164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]}}}