{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:39:04Z","timestamp":1767494344436,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42192562","42306031","311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192562","42306031","311020004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["42192562","42306031","311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192562","42306031","311020004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine cold spells (MCSs) are extreme ocean temperature events impacting marine organisms, yet their characteristics and trends in the South China Sea (SCS) historical period remain unclear. This study systematically analyzes sea surface temperature (SST) and MCSs in the SCS using satellite observation data (OISSTv2.1) from 1982 to 2022. The climatological mean SST ranges from 22 \u00b0C near the Taiwan Strait to 29 \u00b0C near the Nansha Islands, showing notable variations. Annual SST anomalies demonstrate a heterogeneous spatial trend of approximately 0.21 \u00b1 0.16 \u00b0C\/decade (p &lt; 0.01) across the SCS, indicating an increase in SST over time. MCS analysis uncovers spatial non-uniformity in frequency, with higher values near the Beibu Gulf and Hainan Island, and longer durations in the northeastern coastal areas. Statistical analysis indicates normal distributions for frequency and duration trends but skewness for intensity and cumulative intensity, reflecting extreme values. Winter months exhibit larger MCS occurrence areas and higher mean intensities, illustrating seasonal variability. Anticipated changes will significantly impact the ecological structure and functioning of the SCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1711543317000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Historical Marine Cold Spells in the South China Sea: Characteristics and Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Transport Tianjin Research Institute of Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2021). 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