{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:22Z","timestamp":1760144182624,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42192581","42171318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192581","42171318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of Martian polar ice cap change patterns is important for understanding their effects on driving Mars\u2019s global water cycle and for regulating atmospheric circulation. However, current Martian ice cap identification using optical remote sensing data mainly relies on visual interpretation, which makes it difficult to quickly extract ice caps from multiple images and analyze their fine-scale spatiotemporal variation characteristics. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic Martian polar ice cap extraction algorithm for remote sensing data and analyzes the dynamic change characteristics of the Martian North Pole ice cap using time-series data. First, the automatic Martian ice cap segmentation algorithm was developed based on the ice cap features of high reflectance in the blue band and low saturation in the RGB band. Second, the Martian North Pole ice cap was extracted for the three Martian years MY25, 26, and 28 using Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) Mars Daily Global Maps (MDGMs) data, which had better spatiotemporal continuity to analyze its variation characteristics. Lastly, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the ice cap and the driving factors of ice cap ablation were explored for the three aforementioned Martian years. The results indicated that the proposed automatic ice cap extraction algorithm had good performance, and the classification accuracy exceeded 93%. The ice cap ablation boundary retreat rates and spatiotemporal distributions were similar for the three years, with approximately 105 km2 of ice cap ablation for every one degree of areocentric longitude of the Sun (Ls). The main driving factor of ice cap ablation was solar radiation, which was mainly related to Ls. In addition, elevation had a different effect on ice cap ablation at different Ls in the same latitude area near the ablation boundary of the ice cap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1711693996000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automatic Martian Polar Ice Cap Extraction Algorithm for Remote Sensing Data and Analysis of Their Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiye","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Zhulin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monitoring Center for Ecological Environment of Xizang Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Degyi","family":"Yangzom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monitoring Center for Ecological Environment of Xizang Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02461","article-title":"Perennial Water Ice Identified in the South Polar Cap of Mars","volume":"428","author":"Bibring","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai7721","article-title":"Mars\u2019 Atmospheric History Derived from Upper-Atmosphere Measurements of 38Ar\/36Ar","volume":"355","author":"Jakosky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2001.6653","article-title":"Martian North Polar Cap Recession: 2000 Mars Orbiter Camera Observations","volume":"154","author":"James","year":"2001","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.08.026","article-title":"Interannual 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