{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T10:46:25Z","timestamp":1768041985222,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Award","award":["NA 783\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA 783\/12-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Award","award":["AOBJ 628803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOBJ 628803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in Ethiopia comprises the largest fraction of the Afro-Alpine ecosystem in Africa, which provides vital mountain ecosystem services at local, regional, and global levels. However, the BMNP has been severely threatened by natural and anthropogenic disturbances in recent decades. In particular, landscape alteration due to human activities such as red ash quarrying has become a common practice in the BMNP, which poses a major environmental challenge by severely degrading the Afro-Alpine ecosystem. This study aims to quantify the long-term volumetric changes of two red ash quarry sites in the BMNP using historical aerial photographs and in situ data, and to assess their impact on the Afro-Alpine ecosystem. The Structure-from-Motion multi-view stereo photogrammetry algorithm was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional landscape for the year 1967 and 1984 while spatial interpolation techniques were applied to generate the current digital elevation models for 2023. To quantify the volumetric changes and landscape alteration of the quarry sites, differences in digital elevation models were computed. The result showed that the volume of resources extracted from the BMNP quarry sites increased significantly over the study period from 1984 to 2023 compared with the period from 1967 to 1984. In general, between 1967 and 2023, the total net surface volume of the quarry sites decreased by 503,721 \u00b1 27,970 m3 and 368,523 \u00b1 30,003 m3, respectively. The extent of the excavated area increased by 53,147 m2 and 45,297 m2 for Site 1 and 2, respectively. In terms of habitat loss, major gravel road construction inside the BMNP resulted in the reduction of Afro-Alpine vegetation by 476,860 m2, ericaceous vegetation by 403,806 m2 and Afromontane forest by 493,222 m2 with associated decline in species diversity and density. The excavation and gravel road construction have contributed to the degradation of the Afro-Alpine ecosystem, especially the endemic Lobelia rhynchopetalum on the quarry sites and roads. If excavation continues at the same rate as in the last half century, it can threaten the whole mountain ecosystem of the National Park and beyond, highlighting the importance of preventing these anthropogenic changes and conserving the remaining Afro-Alpine ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:28:00Z","timestamp":1711891680000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Volumetric Change Estimation of Red Ash Quarry Sites in the Afro-Alpine Ecosystem of Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9668-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics Stream, School of Earth Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubeker Mohammed","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Administration and Surveying, Center for Geospatial Technology and Land Administration (C-GTLA), Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temesgen Alemayehu","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luise","family":"Wraase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behailu Legese","family":"Ejigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe P.O. Box 247, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binyam Tesfaw","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics Stream, School of Earth Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9813-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Miehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Vegetation Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Zeuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.05012","article-title":"Global Distribution and Bioclimatic Characterization of Alpine Biomes","volume":"43","author":"Testolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner, C. 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