{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:08:17Z","timestamp":1771578497819,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geometric complexities play an important role in the nucleation, propagation, and termination of strike-slip earthquake ruptures. The 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake rupture initiated at a large releasing stepover with a complex fault intersection. In the epicentral region, we conducted detailed mapping and classification of the surface ruptures and slip measurements associated with the earthquake, combining high-resolution uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) images and optical image correlation with field investigations. Our findings indicate that the coseismic ruptures present discontinuous patterns mixed with numerous lateral spreadings due to strong ground shaking. The discontinuous surface ruptures are uncharacteristic in slip to account for the large and clear displacements of offset landforms in the epicentral region. Within the releasing stepovers, the deformation zone revealed from the optical image correlation map indicates that a fault may cut diagonally across the pull-apart basin at depth. The left-lateral horizontal coseismic displacements from field measurements are typically \u22640.6 m, significantly lower than the 1\u20132.7 m measured from the optical image correlation map. Such a discrepancy indicates a significant proportion of off-fault deformation or the possibility that the rupture stopped at a shallow depth during its initiation phase instead of extending to the surface. The fault network and multi-fault junctions west and south of the epicenter suggest a possible complex path, which retarded the westward propagation at the initial phase of rupture growth. A hampered initiation might enhance the seismic ground motion and the complex ground deformation features at the surface, including widespread shaking-related fissures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1711950163000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Discontinuous Surface Ruptures and Slip Distributions in the Epicentral Region of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo Earthquake, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu-Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6728-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxiu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Agency of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1029\/TC007i003p00663","article-title":"Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity","volume":"7","author":"Barka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/335340a0","article-title":"Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults","volume":"335","author":"Wesnousky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B07306","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB006550","article-title":"Relation between continental strike-slip earthquake segmentation and thickness of the crust","volume":"115","author":"Klinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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