{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:51:27Z","timestamp":1784260287662,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["OFSLRSS202121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202121"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["42001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001048"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["42171289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171289"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["NMKJXM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMKJXM202303"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["OFSLRSS202121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202121"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001048"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171289"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NMKJXM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMKJXM202303"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of \u201cRejuvenating Mongolia with Science and Technology\u201d","award":["OFSLRSS202121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFSLRSS202121"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of \u201cRejuvenating Mongolia with Science and Technology\u201d","award":["42001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001048"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of \u201cRejuvenating Mongolia with Science and Technology\u201d","award":["42171289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171289"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of \u201cRejuvenating Mongolia with Science and Technology\u201d","award":["NMKJXM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMKJXM202303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil analysis using near-infrared spectroscopy has shown great potential to be an alternative to traditional laboratory analysis, and there is continuously increasing interest in building large-scale soil spectral libraries (SSLs). However, due to issues such as high non-linearity in soil spectral data and complexity in soil spatial variation, the establishment of robust prediction models for soil spectral libraries remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the performance of deep learning algorithms, including long short-term memory (LSTM) and LSTM\u2013convolutional neural networks (LSTM\u2013CNN) integrated models, to predict the soil organic matter (SOM) of a provincial-scale SSL, and compare it to the normally used local weighted regression (LWR) model. The Hebei soil spectral library (HSSL) contains 425 topsoil samples (0\u201320 cm), of which every 3 soil samples were collected from dry land, irrigated land, and paddy fields, respectively, in different counties of Hebei Province, China. The results show that the accuracy of the validation dataset rank as follows: LSTM\u2013CNN (R2p = 0.96, RMSEp = 1.66 g\/kg) &gt; LSTM (R2p = 0.83, RMSEp = 3.42 g\/kg) &gt; LWR (R2p = 0.82, RMSEp = 3.79 g\/kg). The LSTM\u2013CNN model performed the best, mainly due to its comprehensive ability to effectively extract spatial and temporal features. Meanwhile, the LSTM model achieved higher accuracy than the LWR model, owing to its built-in memory unit and its advantage of faster feature band extraction. Thus, it was suggested to use deep learning algorithms for SOM predictions in SSLs. However, their performance on larger-scale SSLs such as continental\/global SSLs still needs to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T09:36:54Z","timestamp":1712050614000},"page":"1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Advanced Soil Organic Matter Prediction with a Regional Soil NIR Spectral Library Using Long Short-Term Memory\u2013Convolutional Neural Networks: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-3177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xicun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1821-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanfang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangbin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-005-2236-x","article-title":"Functions of soil for society and the environment","volume":"4","author":"Winfried","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. 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