{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T09:27:11Z","timestamp":1778405231115,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&amp;D Programme Projects","award":["2022B03021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&amp;D Programme Projects","award":["2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&amp;D Programme Projects","award":["2023TSYCCX0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCX0087"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&amp;D Programme Projects","award":["2020-LCJ-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-LCJ-02"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2022B03021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2023TSYCCX0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCX0087"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2020-LCJ-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-LCJ-02"]}]},{"name":"2020 Qinghai Kunlun talents\u2014Leading scientists project","award":["2022B03021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021"]}]},{"name":"2020 Qinghai Kunlun talents\u2014Leading scientists project","award":["2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]},{"name":"2020 Qinghai Kunlun talents\u2014Leading scientists project","award":["2023TSYCCX0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCX0087"]}]},{"name":"2020 Qinghai Kunlun talents\u2014Leading scientists project","award":["2020-LCJ-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-LCJ-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of forest structural parameters is crucial for understanding carbon storage, habitat suitability, and timber stock. However, the labor-intensive and expensive nature of field measurements, coupled with inadequate sample sizes for large-scale modeling, poses challenges. To address the forest structure parameters in the Western Tianshan Mountains, this study used UAV-LiDAR to gather extensive sample data. This approach was enhanced by integrating Sentinel satellite and topographic data and using a Bayesian-Random Forest model to estimate forest canopy height, average height, density, and aboveground biomass (AGB). Validation against independent LiDAR-derived samples confirmed the model\u2019s high accuracy, with coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean square errors (RMSE) indicating strong predictive performance (R2 = 0.63, RMSE = 5.06 m for canopy height; R2 = 0.64, RMSE = 2.88 m for average height; R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 62.84 for density; and R2 = 0.59, RMSE = 29.71 Mg\/ha for AGB). Notably, the crucial factors include DEM, Sentinel-1 (VH and VV backscatter in dB), and Sentinel-2 (B6, B8A, and B11 bands). These factors contribute significantly to the modeling of forest structure. This technology aims to expedite and economize forest surveys while augmenting the range of forest parameters, especially in remote and rugged terrains. Using a wealth of UAV-LiDAR data, this outcome surpasses its counterparts\u2019 by providing essential insights for exploring climate change effects on Central Asian forests, facilitating precise carbon stock quantification, and enhancing knowledge of forest ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:42:26Z","timestamp":1712191346000},"page":"1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mapping of Forest Structural Parameters in Tianshan Mountain Using Bayesian-Random Forest Model, Synthetic Aperture Radar Sentinel-1A, and Sentinel-2 Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anming","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Higher Education Commission, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxiong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulei","family":"Naibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saimire","family":"Wusiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Nzabarinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6601-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"De Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Laboratory for Geo-Information, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"The importance, exploitation 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