{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:12:59Z","timestamp":1773162779734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei, China","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hubei, China","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["2019YFE0123300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["U22A20568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20568"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["42071451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071451"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["42130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130105"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["2022YFB3904101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3904101"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["2022CFB007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB007"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["2023BAB146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB146"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["871149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appropriate environmental sensing methods and visualization representations are crucial foundations for the in situ exploration of planets. In this paper, we developed specialized visualization methods to facilitate the rover\u2019s interaction and decision-making processes, as well as to address the path-planning and obstacle-avoidance requirements for lunar polar region exploration and Mars exploration. To achieve this goal, we utilize simulated lunar polar regions and Martian environments. Among them, the lunar rover operating in the permanently shadowed region (PSR) of the simulated crater primarily utilizes light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for environmental sensing; then, we reconstruct a mesh using the Poisson surface reconstruction method. After that, the lunar rover\u2019s traveling environment is represented as a red-green-blue (RGB) image, a slope coloration image, and a theoretical water content coloration image, based on different interaction needs and scientific objectives. For the rocky environment where the Mars rover is traveling, this paper enhances the display of the rocks on the Martian surface. It does so by utilizing depth information of the rock instances to highlight their significance for the rover\u2019s path-planning and obstacle-avoidance decisions. Such an environmental sensing and enhanced visualization approach facilitates rover path-planning and remote\u2013interactive operations, thereby enabling further exploration activities in the lunar PSR and Mars, in addition to facilitating the study and communication of specific planetary science objectives, and the production and display of basemaps and thematic maps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T06:57:34Z","timestamp":1712213854000},"page":"1270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhanced Interactive Rendering for Rovers of Lunar Polar Region and Martian Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8192-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiehao","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1029\/RG027i002p00189","article-title":"The Early Environment and Its Evolution on Mars: Implication for Life","volume":"27","author":"McKay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1380","article-title":"The Last Possible Outposts for Life on Mars","volume":"16","author":"Davila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"100121","article-title":"Zhurong: Features and Mission of China\u2019s First Mars Rover","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170355","article-title":"Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity","volume":"324","author":"Squyres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-020-00777-5","article-title":"The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests","volume":"217","author":"Wiens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2016.1548","article-title":"The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover","volume":"17","author":"Coates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisp, J.A., Adler, M., Matijevic, J.R., Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R.E., and Kass, D.M. (2003). Mars Exploration Rover Mission. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE002038"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JE006076","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE006076","article-title":"In Situ Photometric Experiment of Lunar Regolith With Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer On Board the Yutu-2 Lunar Rover","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Wang, X., Wei, H., Liu, J., Liu, F., and Yang, J. (2016). Panoramic Mosaics from Chang\u2019E-3 PCAM Images at Point A. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100812"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-021-00793-z","article-title":"Overview of the Chang\u2019e-4 Mission: Opening the Frontier of Scientific Exploration of the Lunar Far Side","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"248","article-title":"Stereo Vision, Residual Image Processing and Mars Rover Localization","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Matthies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP \u201997) 3-Volume Set-Volume 3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Peng, X., and Xu, Z. (2012, January 26\u201329). Study of Gray Image Pseudo-Color Processing Algorithms. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Large Mirrors and Telescopes, Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977197"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5140\/JASS.2023.40.4.173","article-title":"Calibration of ShadowCam","volume":"40","author":"Humm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Astron. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112550","article-title":"Crater Identification Simulation Using LiDAR on Lunar Rover","volume":"210","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.03.006","article-title":"Review of Mobile Mapping and Surveying Technologies","volume":"46","author":"Puente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.02.011","article-title":"Computational and Methodological Aspects of Terrestrial Surface Analysis Based on Point Clouds","volume":"42","author":"Rychkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Lee, K., Yoo, A., and Moon, C. (2020). Design and Implementation of Edge-Fog-Cloud System through HD Map Generation from LiDAR Data of Autonomous Vehicles. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9122084"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JE007656","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JE007656","article-title":"Extraction and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Morphological Features of Centimeter-Scale Rocks in Zhurong Landing Region","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE03319","article-title":"Size-Frequency Distributions of Rocks on Mars and Earth Analog Sites: Implications for Future Landed Missions","volume":"102","author":"Golombek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(86)90020-5","article-title":"The Spatial Distribution of Rocks on Mars","volume":"68","author":"Christensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2514\/2.3958","article-title":"Comparison of Obstacle Avoidance Strategies for Mars Landers","volume":"40","author":"Sinclair","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Noever, D.A., and Noever, S.M. (2021). Rock Hunting With Martian Machine Vision. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-023-00986-8","article-title":"Design and Verification of Multi-Functional Obstacle Avoidance Sensor for the Tianwen-1 Mars Probe","volume":"219","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Colaprete, A., Andrews, D., Bluethmann, W., Elphic, R., Bussey, B., Trimble, J.P., Zacny, K., and Captain, J. (2019, January 11). An Overview of the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) Mission. Proceedings of the International Small Satellite Conference, Virtual."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2023.03.022","article-title":"Illumination Conditions near the Moon\u2019s South Pole: Implication for a Concept Design of China\u2019s Chang\u2019E\u22127 Lunar Polar Exploration","volume":"208","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114874","article-title":"Resource Potential of Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions","volume":"377","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/space.2019.0002","article-title":"Ice Mining in Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions","volume":"7","author":"Sowers","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Space"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanin, A.B., Mitrofanov, I.G., Litvak, M.L., Malakhov, A., Boynton, W.V., Chin, G., Droege, G., Evans, L.G., Garvin, J., and Golovin, D.V. (2012). Testing Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions for Water Ice: LEND Results from LRO. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JE003971"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Prasad, K.D., Misra, D., Bhatt, M., Ambily, G., Sathyan, S., Srivastava, N., and Bhardwaj, A. (2023). Chandrayaan-3 Alternate Landing Site: Pre-Landing Characterisation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Vajiram, J., Maurya, U., and Senthil, N. (2023). India\u2019s Progress in Space Exploration and International Legal Challenges in Meeting Goals within International Space Boundaries: A Review. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2024.105864","article-title":"An Insight into India\u2019s Moon Mission\u2014Chandrayan-3: The First Nation to Land on the Southernmost Polar Region of the Moon","volume":"242","author":"Kanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creech, S., Guidi, J., and Elburn, D. (2022, January 5\u201312). Artemis: An Overview of NASA\u2019s Activities to Return Humans to the Moon. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO), Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO53065.2022.9843277"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M., Craig, D., Herrmann, N., Mahoney, E., Krezel, J., McIntyre, N., and Goodliff, K. (2020, January 7\u201314). The Artemis Program: An Overview of NASA\u2019s Activities to Return Humans to the Moon. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO47225.2020.9172323"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, C., and Angelopoulos, V. (2014). The ARTEMIS Mission, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9554-3"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Smith, K.E., Colaprete, A., Lim, D.S.S., and Andrews, D. (2022). The VIPER Mission, a Resource-Mapping Mission on Another Celestial Body, SRR XXII MEETING Colorado School of Mines."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL099530","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099530","article-title":"Cryogeomorphic Characterization of Shadowed Regions in the Artemis Exploration Zone","volume":"49","author":"Bickel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"42","article-title":"Analysis of High Resolution SAR Data and Selection of Landing Sites in the Permanently Shadowed Region on the Moon","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Deep Space Explor."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900213","article-title":"Illumination Conditions at the Lunar South Pole","volume":"26","author":"Bussey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trimble, J., and Carvalho, R. (2016, January 16). Lunar Prospecting: Searching for Volatiles at the South Pole. Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Operations (SpaceOps 2016), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-2482"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20184","article-title":"Two Years of Visual Odometry on the Mars Exploration Rovers","volume":"24","author":"Maimone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"High Precision Landing Site Mapping and Rover Localization for Chang\u2019e-3 Mission","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21403","article-title":"Three-Dimensional SLAM for Mapping Planetary Work Site Environments","volume":"29","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S., Bangunharcana, A., Park, J.-M., Choi, M., and Shin, H.-S. (2021). Visual SLAM-Based Robotic Mapping Method for Planetary Construction. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227715"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.U., Zaidi, S.A.A., Ishtiaq, A., Bukhari, S.U.R., Samer, S., and Farman, A. (2021, January 15\u201317). A Comparative Survey of LiDAR-SLAM and LiDAR Based Sensor Technologies. Proceedings of the 2021 Mohammad Ali Jinnah University International Conference on Computing (MAJICC), Karachi, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAJICC53071.2021.9526266"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2020.1718002","article-title":"Geospatial Technologies for Chang\u2019e-3 and Chang\u2019e-4 Lunar Rover Missions","volume":"23","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhousni, M., and Huang, X. (November, January 19). A Survey on 3D LiDAR Localization for Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV47402.2020.9304812"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2019.104826","article-title":"Searching for Potential Ice-Rich Mining Sites on the Moon with the Lunar Volatiles Scout","volume":"181","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185696","article-title":"Hydrogen Mapping of the Lunar South Pole Using the LRO Neutron Detector Experiment LEND","volume":"330","author":"Mitrofanov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802345115","article-title":"Direct Evidence of Surface Exposed Water Ice in the Lunar Polar Regions","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/abb6ff","article-title":"Mapping of Ice Storage Processes on the Moon with Time-Dependent Temperatures","volume":"1","author":"Schorghofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo4856","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4856","article-title":"Geological, Multispectral, and Meteorological Imaging Results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover in Jezero Crater","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzanetos, T., Aung, M., Balaram, J., Grip, H.F., Karras, J.T., Canham, T.K., Kubiak, G., Anderson, J., Merewether, G., and Starch, M. (2022, January 5\u201312). Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: From Technology Demonstration to Extraterrestrial Scout. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO), Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO53065.2022.9843428"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JE007137","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JE007137","article-title":"Landing Site Selection and Characterization of Tianwen-1 (Zhurong Rover) on Mars","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.11.008","article-title":"Geologic Field Work on Mars: Distance and Time Issues during Surface Exploration","volume":"68","author":"Kereszturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Rocks and Rock Size-Frequency Distributions at the Final Four Mars Science Laboratory Landing Sites","volume":"7","author":"Golombek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mars Sci. Explor."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.09.022","article-title":"3D Mapping of Outdoor Environments by Scan Matching and Motion Averaging","volume":"372","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.06.006","article-title":"Summary of the Results from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter after Seven Years in Lunar Orbit","volume":"283","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, M., Wong, U., Furlong, P.M., Rogg, A., McMichael, S., Welsh, T., Chen, I., Peters, S., Gerkey, B., and Quigley, M. (2019, January 2\u20139). Planetary Rover Simulation for Lunar Exploration Missions. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2019.8741780"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2010.10.030","article-title":"Illumination Conditions of the Lunar Polar Regions Using LOLA Topography","volume":"211","author":"Mazarico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-022-1009-0","article-title":"Progresses and Prospects of Impact Crater Studies","volume":"66","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06017005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000782","article-title":"Soil Mechanics\u2013Based Testbed Setup for Lunar Rover Wheel and Corresponding Experimental Investigations","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M.G., Durner, M., Gawel, A., St\u00fcrzl, W., Triebel, R., and Siegwart, R. (2021, January 27). A Photorealistic Terrain Simulation Pipeline for Unstructured Outdoor Environments. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS51168.2021.9636644"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothrock, B., Kennedy, R., Cunningham, C., Papon, J., Heverly, M., and Ono, M. (2016, January 13\u201316). SPOC: Deep Learning-Based Terrain Classification for Mars Rover Missions. Proceedings of the AIAA SPACE 2016, Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-5539"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reitmann, S., Neumann, L., and Jung, B. (2021). BLAINDER\u2014A Blender AI Add-On for Generation of Semantically Labeled Depth-Sensing Data. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062144"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.11.118","article-title":"A Brief Survey on Semantic Segmentation with Deep Learning","volume":"406","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kazhdan, M., Bolitho, M., and Hoppe, H. (2006, January 26). Poisson Surface Reconstruction. Proceedings of the Fourth Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, H., Zhao, C., Wei, G., Li, X., Xia, G., Zhang, X., and Shi, J. (2023). Numerical Simulation of the Lunar Polar Environment: Implications for Rover Exploration Challenge. Aerospace, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace10070598"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-032720-040512","article-title":"The Development of Color Perception and Cognition","volume":"74","author":"Maule","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A Computational Approach to Edge Detection","volume":"PAMI-8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(85)90016-7","article-title":"Topological Structural Analysis of Digitized Binary Images by Border Following","volume":"30","author":"Suzuki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Wang, P., and Zhang, Z. (2021). Learning-Based End-to-End Path Planning for Lunar Rovers with Safety Constraints. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030796"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/18.11.10","article-title":"The Effect of Luminance Differences on Color Assimilation","volume":"18","author":"Otazu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, R., Arvidson, R., Bell III, J.F., Gellert, R., Golombek, M., Greeley, R., Herkenhoff, K., Johnson, J., Thompson, S., and Whelley, P. (2008). Wind-Driven Particle Mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover Observations at \u201cEl Dorado\u201d and Surroundings at Gusev Crater. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JE003101"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1270\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:15Z","timestamp":1760106195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16071270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16071270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}