{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:52:13Z","timestamp":1776059533002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate structural information about forests, including canopy heights and diameters, is crucial for quantifying tree volume, biomass, and carbon stocks, enabling effective forest ecosystem management, particularly in response to changing environmental conditions. Since late 2018, NASA\u2019s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission has monitored global canopy structure using a satellite Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) instrument. While GEDI has collected billions of LiDAR shots across a near-global range (between 51.6\u00b0N and &gt;51.6\u00b0S), their spatial distribution remains dispersed, posing challenges for achieving complete forest coverage. This study proposes and evaluates an approach that generates high-resolution canopy height maps by integrating GEDI data with Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and topographical ancillary data through three machine learning (ML) algorithms: random forests (RF), gradient tree boost (GB), and classification and regression trees (CART). To achieve this, the secondary aims included the following: (1) to assess the performance of three ML algorithms, RF, GB, and CART, in predicting canopy heights, (2) to evaluate the performance of our canopy height maps using reference canopy height from canopy height models (CHMs), and (3) to compare our canopy height maps with other two existing canopy height maps. RF and GB were the top-performing algorithms, achieving the best 13.32% and 16% root mean squared error for broadleaf and coniferous forests, respectively. Validation of the proposed approach revealed that the 100th and 98th percentile, followed by the average of the 75th, 90th, 95th, and 100th percentiles (AVG), were the most accurate GEDI metrics for predicting real canopy heights. Comparisons between predicted and reference CHMs demonstrated accurate predictions for coniferous stands (R-squared = 0.45, RMSE = 29.16%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:27:52Z","timestamp":1712305672000},"page":"1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["High-Resolution Canopy Height Mapping: Integrating NASA\u2019s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) with Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Alvites","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Cda Fonte Lappone Snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8477-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6991-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Francini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Cda Fonte Lappone Snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5373-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Santopuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0669-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gherardo","family":"Chirici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione per il Futuro delle Citt\u00e0, 50133 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Cda Fonte Lappone Snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Marignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant\u2019Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7357-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Bazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant\u2019Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0848","article-title":"The Global Tree Restoration Potential","volume":"365","author":"Bastin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, January 14\u201315). 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