{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:52Z","timestamp":1760144272540,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230207","42205074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230207","42205074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind shear has important implications for Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instability (KHI) and gravity waves (GWs) in the mesosphere\u2013lower thermosphere (MLT) region where its momentum transport process is dominated by short-period (&lt;1 h) GWs. However, the sub-hourly variation in wind shear is still not well quantified. This study aims to improve current understanding of vertical wind shear by analyzing multi-year meteor radar measurements at the Mohe (MH, 53.5\u00b0N, 122.3\u00b0E), Beijing (BJ, 40.3\u00b0N, 116.2\u00b0E), Wuhan (WH, 30.5\u00b0N, 114.6\u00b0E), and Fuke (FK, 19.5\u00b0N, 109.1\u00b0E) stations in China. The wind field is estimated by a new algorithm, e.g., the damped least squares fitting. Taking the wind shear estimated by normal products as a criterion, the shear produced by the new algorithm has more statistical convergence as compared to the traditional algorithm, e.g., the least squares fitting. Therefore, we argue that the 10 min DLSA wind probably produces a more reasonable vertical shear. Both intensive wind shears and GW kinetic energy can be simultaneously captured during the 0600\u20131600 UTs of May at MH and during the 1300\u20132400 UTs of March at FK, possibly implying that the up-propagation of GWs could contribute to the production of large wind shears. The sub-hourly variation in wind shears is potentially valuable for understanding the interrelationship between shear (or KHI) and GWs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T03:11:33Z","timestamp":1712545893000},"page":"1291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sub-Hourly Variations of Wind Shear in the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere as Observed by the China Meteor Radar Chain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5045-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Chunliang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL102674","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL102674","article-title":"Gravity waves emitted from Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities","volume":"50","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09801","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RG000106","article-title":"Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Fritts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL105724","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL105724","article-title":"Tropospheric gravity waves increase the likelihood of double tropopauses","volume":"50","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711448103","article-title":"A large amplitude gravity wave in the lower stratosphere detected by radiosonde","volume":"114","author":"Shutts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20451","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD12p20451","article-title":"Radiosonde observations of large-amplitude gravity waves in the lower and middle stratosphere","volume":"95","author":"Kitchen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<0892:OEOIIG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observational evidence of internal inertia-gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere","volume":"36","author":"Cadet","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22123","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013196","article-title":"Comparison of wind and wind shear climatologies derived from high-resolution radiosondes and the ECMWF model","volume":"115","author":"Houchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00879972","article-title":"The role of gravity waves in tropospheric processes","volume":"117","author":"Einaudi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1029\/RG022i003p00275","article-title":"Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations","volume":"22","author":"Fritts","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9324","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021832","article-title":"Quantifying Kelvin-Helmholtz instability dynamics observed in noctilucent clouds: 1. Methods and observations","volume":"119","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086081","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086081","article-title":"Four-dimensional quantification of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the polar summer mesosphere using volumetric radar imaging","volume":"47","author":"Chau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1029\/RS020i006p01247","article-title":"Convective and dynamical instabilities due to gravity wave motions in the lower and middle atmosphere: Theory and observations","volume":"20","author":"Fritts","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Smith, E.K., and Matsushita, S. (1962). Ionospheric Sporadic E, Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(80)90122-1","article-title":"Sporadic-E layers and unstable wind shears","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24931","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA000290","article-title":"A shear instability seeding mechanism for quasiperiodic radar echoes","volume":"105","author":"Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A08303","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JA010987","article-title":"Quasi-periodic backscatters from the E region at Gadanki: Evidence for Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in the lower thermosphere?","volume":"110","author":"Choudhary","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1029\/94RS01937","article-title":"A new frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for studying planetary boundary layer morphology","volume":"30","author":"Eaton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021833","article-title":"Quantifying Kelvin-Helmholtz instability dynamics observed in noctilucent clouds: 2. Modeling and interpretation of observations","volume":"119","author":"Fritts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8872","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021726","article-title":"The life cycle of instability features measured from the Andes lidar observatory over Cerro Pachon on 24 March 2012","volume":"119","author":"Hecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033414","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033414","article-title":"Kelvin-Helmholtz billow interactions and instabilities in the mesosphere over the Andes Lidar Observatory: 1. Observations","volume":"126","author":"Hecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.05.059","article-title":"High-resolution observations of mesospheric layers with the Jicamarca VHF radar","volume":"40","author":"Lehmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"L15831","article-title":"A large-aperture sodium fluorescence lidar with very high resolution for mesopause dynamics and adaptive optics studies","volume":"35","author":"Pfrommer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035834","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035834","article-title":"Multi-Scale Kelvin-Helmholtz instability dynamics observed by PMC Turbo on 12 July 2018: 2. DNS modeling of KHI dynamics and PMC responses","volume":"127","author":"Fritts","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L12803","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051996","article-title":"Sources and dynamics of turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: A review","volume":"39","author":"Sharman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105891","article-title":"Potential sources of atmospheric turbulence estimated using the Thorpe method and operational radiosonde data in the United States","volume":"265","author":"Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7553","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030287","article-title":"Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence retrieved from high vertical-resolution radiosonde data in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12589","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-12589-2023","article-title":"Occurrence frequency of subcritical Richardson numbers assessed by global high-resolution radiosonde and ERA5 reanalysis","volume":"23","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<1394:LVOIGW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Latitudinal variations observed in gravity waves with short vertical wavelengths","volume":"59","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03373","article-title":"Full-wave modeling of small-scale gravity waves using Airborne Lidar and Observations of the Hawaiian Airglow (ALOHA-93) O (1 S) images and coincident Na wind\/temperature lidar measurements","volume":"103","author":"Hickey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26283","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03515","article-title":"Image measurements of short-period gravity waves at equatorial latitudes","volume":"102","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11947","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900097","article-title":"Microwave Limb Sounder observations of gravity waves in the stratosphere: A climatology and interpretation","volume":"105","author":"McLandress","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00640","article-title":"MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere","volume":"25","author":"Dewan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1991)048<1535:DSEOFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Doppler-shifting effects on frequency spectra of gravity waves observed near the summer mesopause at high latitude","volume":"48","author":"Fritts","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16813","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01466","article-title":"High-resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the European incoherent scatter VHF radar: 1. Motion field characteristics and measurement biases","volume":"100","author":"Hoppe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0265(01)00067-7","article-title":"Turbulence statistics of a Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz billow event observed in the nighttime boundary layer during the Cooperative Atmosphere\u2013Surface Exchange Study field program","volume":"34","author":"Blumen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Radar observations of wind-shear splitting within evolving atmospheric Kelvin-Helmholtz billows","volume":"123","author":"Chapman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG1001","DOI":"10.1029\/2003RG000131","article-title":"Instability layers and airglow imaging","volume":"42","author":"Hecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2346.1","article-title":"High-resolution observations with MU radar of a KH instability triggered by an inertia-gravity wave in the upper part of a Jet-Stream","volume":"65","author":"Luce","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9579","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026748","article-title":"Large wind shears and their implications for diffusion in regions with enhanced static stability: The mesopause and the tropopause","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-13-055.1","article-title":"Gravity wave\u2013fine structure interactions. Part I: Influences of fine structure form and orientation on flow evolution and instability","volume":"70","author":"Fritts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025173","article-title":"Observation and modeling of gravity wave propagation through reflection and critical layers above Andes Lidar Observatory at Cerro Pach\u00f3n, Chile","volume":"121","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023448","article-title":"Variations of the meteor echo heights at Beijing and Mohe, China","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JA017976","article-title":"Tidal wind mapping from observations of a meteor radar chain in December 2011","volume":"118","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-0084-8","article-title":"The first observation of the atmospheric tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hainan, China","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23429","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01569","article-title":"Observing Earth\u2019s atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System","volume":"102","author":"Kursinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17807","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038712","article-title":"Assessment of radiosonde temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using COSMIC radio occultation data","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0385.1","article-title":"Tropical temperature variability in the UTLS: New insights from GPS radio occultation observations","volume":"34","author":"Steiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0174.1","article-title":"Improved impacts in observing system simulation experiments of radio occultation observations as a result of model and data assimilation changes","volume":"149","author":"Cucurull","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Huangfu, J., Wang, X., Chen, W., Peng, W., Tang, Q., Chu, Y., and Xue, Z. (2022). Comparative analysis of Binhu and cosmic-2 radio occultation data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194958"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(00)00138-3","article-title":"Real-time determination of meteor-related parameters utilizing modern digital technology","volume":"63","author":"Hocking","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.\u2014Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-22-3815-2004","article-title":"The Buckland Park MF radar: Routine observation scheme and velocity comparisons","volume":"22","author":"Holdsworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003RS003014","article-title":"Buckland Park all-sky interferometric meteor radar","volume":"39","author":"Holdsworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL03048","article-title":"Meteor decay times and their use in determining a diagnostic mesospheric temperature-pressure parameter: Methodology and one year of data","volume":"24","author":"Hocking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1029\/96RS03467","article-title":"Simultaneous and colocated observation of winds and tides by MF and meteor radars over London, Canada (43 N, 81 W), during 1994\u20131996","volume":"32","author":"Hocking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Menke, W. (2018). Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4891-2018","article-title":"Retrieving horizontally resolved wind fields using multi-static meteor radar observations","volume":"11","author":"Stober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aster, R.C., Borchers, B., and Thurber, C.H. (2018). Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804651-7.00015-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, C., Yu, T., Sun, Y.-Y., Yan, X., Zhang, J., Yang, N., Wang, J., Xia, C., Liang, Y., and Ye, H. (2023). Atmospheric Gravity Wave Derived from the Neutral Wind with 5-Minute Resolution Routinely Retrieved by the Meteor Radar at Mohe. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020296"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023638","article-title":"Strong temperature gradients and vertical wind shear on MLT region associated to instability source at 23 S","volume":"122","author":"Andrioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035908","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035908","article-title":"Clear air turbulence observed across a tropopause fold over the Drake Passage\u2014A case study","volume":"127","author":"Urzua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"4489","article-title":"Morphology of gravity-wave energy as observed from 4 years (1998\u20132001) of high vertical resolution U.S. radiosonde data","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-3364.1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of gravity wave parameters, Part I: Intrinsic frequency, wavelength, and vertical propagation direction","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"D05109","article-title":"Latitudinal and seasonal variations of inertial gravity wave activity in the lower atmosphere over central China","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015164","article-title":"Rayleigh lidar observations of gravity wave activity in the winter upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere above Davis, Antarctica (69\u00b0 S, 78\u00b0 E)","volume":"116","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025916","article-title":"Seasonal variation of gravity wave parameters using different filter methods with daylight lidar measurements at midlatitudes","volume":"122","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2014.09.002","article-title":"Tidal signatures in temperatures derived from daylight lidar sound- ings above K\u00fchlungsborn (54 \u00b0N, 12\u00b0 E)","volume":"127","author":"Kopp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.\u2014Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18112","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD013850","article-title":"Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar: System design and initial measurements of large-scale winds and tides","volume":"115","author":"Fritts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068599","article-title":"QBO modulation of the mesopause gravity wave momentum flux over Tierra del Fuego","volume":"43","author":"Janches","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029728","article-title":"Structure, Variability, and Mean-Flow Interactions of the January 2015 Quasi-2-Day Wave at Middle and High Southern Latitudes","volume":"124","author":"Fritts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082155","article-title":"Vertical structure of terdiurnal tides in the Antarctic MLT region: 15-year observation over Syowa (69 \u00b0S, 39 \u00b0E)","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(02)00047-0","article-title":"Atmospheric stability and gravity wave dissipation in the mesopause region","volume":"64","author":"Gardner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.\u2014Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023685","article-title":"Evidence of dispersion and refraction of a spectrally broad gravity wave packet in the mesopause region observed by the Na lidar and mesospheric temperature mapper above Logan, Utah","volume":"121","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.03.085","article-title":"Gravity waves and wind-shear in the MLT at 23\u00b0 S","volume":"41","author":"Clemesha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:24:08Z","timestamp":1760106248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16071291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16071291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]}}}