{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:07:38Z","timestamp":1782220058493,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B118"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["32061123008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123008"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2022D04005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D04005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["Sqj2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sqj2019002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B116"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021D01B118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B118"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32061123008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123008"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022D04005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D04005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Sqj2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sqj2019002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021D01B116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B116"]}]},{"name":"Key 355 Laboratory of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B118"]}]},{"name":"Key 355 Laboratory of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["32061123008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123008"]}]},{"name":"Key 355 Laboratory of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2022D04005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D04005"]}]},{"name":"Key 355 Laboratory of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["Sqj2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sqj2019002"]}]},{"name":"Key 355 Laboratory of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B116"]}]},{"name":"China Desert Weather Scientific 356 Research Fund","award":["2021D01B118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B118"]}]},{"name":"China Desert Weather Scientific 356 Research Fund","award":["32061123008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123008"]}]},{"name":"China Desert Weather Scientific 356 Research Fund","award":["2022D04005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D04005"]}]},{"name":"China Desert Weather Scientific 356 Research Fund","award":["Sqj2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sqj2019002"]}]},{"name":"China Desert Weather Scientific 356 Research Fund","award":["2021D01B116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B116"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B118"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["32061123008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123008"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2022D04005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D04005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["Sqj2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sqj2019002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province of China","award":["2021D01B116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01B116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring the evolution of vegetation cover and its drivers in the Ferghana Basin helps to understand the current ecological status of the Ferghana Basin and to analyze the vegetation changes and drivers, with a view to providing a scientific basis for regional ecological and environmental management and planning. Based on GIMMS NDVI3g and meteorological data, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of NDVI were analyzed from multiple perspectives with the help of linear trend and Mann\u2013Kendall (MK) test methods using arcgis and the R language spatial analysis module, combined with partial correlation coefficients and residual analysis methods to analyze the impacts of climate change and human activities on the regional vegetation cover of the Ferghana Basin from 1982 to 2015. NDVI driving forces. The results showed the following: (1) The growing season of vegetation NDVI in the Ferghana Basin showed an increasing trend in the 34-year period, with an increase rate of 0.0044\/10a, and the spatial distribution was significantly different, which was high in the central part of the country and low in the northern and southern parts of the country. (2) Temperature and precipitation simultaneously co-influenced the vegetation NDVI growth season, with most of the temperature and precipitation contributing in the spring, most of the temperature in the summer being negatively phased and the precipitation positively correlated, and most of the temperature and precipitation in the fall inhibiting vegetation NDVI growth. (3) The combined effect of climate change and human activities was the main reason for the overall rapid increase and great spatial variations in vegetation NDVI in China, and the spatial distribution of drivers, namely human activities and climate change, contributed 44.6% to vegetation NDVI in the growing season. The contribution of climate change and human activities to vegetation NDVI in the Ferghana Basin was 62.32% and 93.29%, respectively. The study suggests that more attention should be paid to the role of human activities and climate change in vegetation restoration to inform ecosystem management and green development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T03:11:33Z","timestamp":1712545893000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Changes in Vegetation NDVI and Its Response to Climate Change and Human Activities in the Ferghana Basin from 1982 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration\/Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration\/Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Tree Ring Ecology, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observatory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Eco-Meteorological and Satellite Remote Sensing Center, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiyuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaming","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration\/Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration\/Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Tree Ring Ecology, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Global Climate Change","volume":"2","author":"Adedeji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geosci. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1803","article-title":"Extreme Natural Hazards: Population Growth, Globalization and Environmental Change","volume":"364","author":"Huppert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19718-6","article-title":"A Review of the Global Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, and Sustainable Mitigation Measures","volume":"29","author":"Abbass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2023.108134","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics in Arid Central Asia over the Past Two Millennia Linked to NAO Variability and Solar Forcing","volume":"310","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116997","article-title":"Effects of Drought and Climate Factors on Vegetation Dynamics in Central Asia from 1982 to 2020","volume":"328","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2019.06.011","article-title":"Water Balance Change and Its Implications to Vegetation in the Tarim River Basin, Central Asia","volume":"523","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.001","article-title":"Diverse Relationships between Forest Growth and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a Global Scale","volume":"187","author":"Camarero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.08.010","article-title":"NDVI-Net: A fusion network for generating high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index in remote sensing","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2021.103431","article-title":"Understanding global land degradation processes interacted with complex biophysics and socioeconomics from the perspective of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (1982\u20132015)","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109649","article-title":"Revisiting Vegetation Activity of Mongolian Plateau Using Multiple Remote Sensing Datasets","volume":"341","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112198","article-title":"A Global Assessment of the Effects of Solar Farms on Albedo, Vegetation, and Land Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing","volume":"268","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110415","article-title":"Attribution of Climate Change and Human Activities to Vegetation NDVI in Jilin Province, China during 1998\u20132020","volume":"153","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106328","article-title":"Response of Vegetation to Drought and Yield Monitoring Based on NDVI and SIF","volume":"219","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119579","article-title":"Assessing Long-Term Trends in Vegetation Cover Change in the Xilin River Basin: Potential for Monitoring Grassland Degradation and Restoration","volume":"349","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110587","article-title":"Trends of Greening and Browning in Terrestrial Vegetation in China from 2000 to 2020","volume":"154","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109080","article-title":"Integrated Effects of Meteorological Factors, Edaphic Moisture, Evapotranspiration, and Leaf Area Index on the Net Primary Productivity of Winter Wheat \u2212 Summer Maize Rotation System","volume":"302","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109111","article-title":"Multi-Source Data Fusion for Estimating Maize Leaf Area Index over the Whole Growing Season under Different Mulching and Irrigation Conditions","volume":"303","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110911","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Quantifying Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation Cover and Biomass from Imaging Spectroscopy","volume":"155","author":"Verrelst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.015","article-title":"Spring green-up date derived from GIMMS3g and SPOT-VGT NDVI of winter wheat cropland in the North China Plain","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of Earth Observation Based Long Term Vegetation Trends\u2014Intercomparing NDVI Time Series Trend Analysis Consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT Data","volume":"113","author":"Fensholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"527","article-title":"Monitoring Vegetation Dynamics (2010\u20132020) in Shengnongjia Forestry District with Cloud-Removed MODIS NDVI Series by a Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction Method","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.008","article-title":"Multiscale Geostatistical Analysis of AVHRR, SPOT-VGT, and MODIS Global NDVI Products","volume":"112","author":"Tarnavsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"102317","article-title":"Evaluation of the AVHRR surface reflectance long term data record between 1984 and 2011","volume":"98","author":"Vermote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoin."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"528","article-title":"Integrating AVHRR and MODIS Data to Monitor NDVI Changes and Their Relationships with Climatic Parameters in Northeast China","volume":"18","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.04.009","article-title":"Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Vegetation Activity of Tropical Forests in Southeast Asia","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106972","article-title":"An Innovative Index for Separating the Effects of Temperature and Precipitation on Global Vegetation Change","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.020","article-title":"Grazing decreased water use efficiency in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011","volume":"388","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104518","article-title":"Expanding Vegetated Areas by Human Activities and Strengthening Vegetation Growth Concurrently Explain the Greening of Seoul","volume":"227","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, K., Wang, F., and Li, P. (2018). Responses of Vegetation Cover to Environmental Change in Large Cities of China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010270"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-017-2107-8","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Response to Climate Extremes and Ecological Restoration in the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"132","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13233","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013233","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Global NDVI Trends: Correlations with Climate and Human Factors","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Vegetation-climate relationship and its application in the division of vegetation zone in Chin","volume":"44","author":"Fang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170549","article-title":"A novel index for vegetation drought assessment based on plant water metabolism and balance under vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau","volume":"918","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and Attribution of Vegetation Greening Trend in China over the Last 30 Years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"102","article-title":"Research on Spatial and Temporal Changes of Vegetation Cover and Response to Climate Factors in Hanjiang Basin","volume":"49","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Northwest Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.03.017","article-title":"Evaluation of the Gridded CRU TS Precipitation Dataset with the Point Raingauge Records over the Three-River Headwaters Region","volume":"548","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"745","article-title":"Indicating Variation of Surface Vegetation Cover Using SPOT NDVI in the Northern Part of North China","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2017.02.008","article-title":"Response of Vegetation to Different Time-Scales Drought across China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Causes and Implications","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500168686","article-title":"An Extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI Dataset Compatible with MODIS and SPOT Vegetation NDVI Data","volume":"26","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of Vegetation to Drought Time-Scales across Global Land Biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.06.011","article-title":"Drought Impacts on Vegetation Activity in the Mediterranean Region: An Assessment Using Remote Sensing Data and Multi-Scale Drought Indicators","volume":"151","author":"Gouveia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.113","article-title":"Assessing Vegetation Response to Multi-Time-Scale Drought across Inner Mongolia Plateau","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160527","article-title":"Effects of climate change and human activities on vegetation coverage change in northern China considering extreme climate and time-lag and -accumulation effects","volume":"860","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-2753-2021","article-title":"GLC_FCS30: Global Land-Cover Product with Fine Classification System at 30 m Using Time-Series Landsat Imagery","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00427.1","article-title":"A New Estimation of Urbanization\u2019s Contribution to the Warming Trend in China","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in Northern Vegetation Activity Inferred from Satellite Data of Vegetation Index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2021.103024","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation of Enhanced Vegetation Index in the Amazon Basin and Its Response to Climate Change","volume":"123","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.05.015","article-title":"Can Human-Induced Land Degradation Be Distinguished from the Effects of Rainfall Variability? A Case Study in South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00121-6","article-title":"Discrimination between Climate and Human-Induced Dryland Degradation","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.05.002","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Vegetation Cover Variations Associated with Climate Change and Ecological Restoration in the Loess Plateau","volume":"209\u2013210","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"49","article-title":"Research on the Temporal and Spatial Changes of Vegetation Coverage in Qinling Mountains Based on Google Earth Engine Platform","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"229","article-title":"Normalized Difference Vegetation index (NDVI) dynamics of Grassland in Central Asia and Its Response to Climate Change and Human Activities","volume":"42","author":"Shihua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Relationship between NDVI and Precipitation and Temperature in Middle Asia during 1982\u20132002","volume":"31","author":"Yuxia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/74\/1\/012017","article-title":"Research on Trend of Warm-Humid Climate in Central Asia","volume":"74","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140649","article-title":"Unraveling the Relative Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Grassland Productivity in Central Asia over Last Three Decades","volume":"743","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0043-6","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climate Change in Central Asia","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"678","article-title":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of Different Vegetation Cover Types and Its Responses to Climate Change in the Loess Plateau","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"620","article-title":"Changes of Green-up Day of Vegetation Growing Season Based on GIMMS 3g NDVI in Northern China in Recent 30 Years","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107227","article-title":"Impacts of urbanisation on vegetation dynamics in Chinese cities","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"287","article-title":"Detecting and Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variation of Vegetation Cover in the Loess Plateau during 1982-2009","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Tian, H. (2017). Assessment of Non-Climate Triggered Vegetation Trends in China from Time Series of Remotely Sensed Data: A Case Study of Government-Dominated Forest Construction. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-016-1253-8","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics in Qinling-Daba Mountains in Relation to Climate Factors between 2000 and 2014","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:24:12Z","timestamp":1760106252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/7\/1296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16071296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16071296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]}}}