{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:01:15Z","timestamp":1771912875595,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2021-361127060OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-361127060OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2020-113051RB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113051RB-C31"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This is an exercise to explore the concentration of lithium, lithium-7 isotope and the possible presence of black dirty ice on the lunar surface using spectral data obtained from the Clementine mission. The main interest in tracing the lithium and presence of dark ice on the lunar surface is closely related to future human settlement missions on the moon. We investigate the distribution of lithium and 7 Li isotope on the lunar surface by employing spectral data from the Clementine images. We utilized visible (VIS\u2013NIR) imagery at wavelengths of 450, 750, 900, 950 and 1000 nm, along with near-infrared (NIR\u2013SWIR) at 1100, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2600 and 2780 nm, encompassing 11 bands in total. This dataset offers a comprehensive coverage of about 80% of the lunar surface, with resolutions ranging from 100 to 500 m, spanning latitudes from 80\u00b0S to 80\u00b0N. In order to extract quantitative abundance of lithium, ground-truth sites were used to calibrate the Clementine images. Samples (specifically, 12045, 15058, 15475, 15555, 62255, 70035, 74220 and 75075) returned from Apollo missions 12, 15, 16 and 17 have been correlated to the Clementine VIS\u2013NIR bands and five spectral ratios. The five spectral ratios calculated synthesize the main spectral features of sample spectra that were grouped by their lithium and 7 Li content using Principal Component Analysis. The ratios spectrally characterize substrates of anorthosite, silica-rich basalts, olivine-rich basalts, high-Ti mare basalts and Orange and Glasses soils. Our findings reveal a strong linear correlation between the spectral parameters and the lithium content in the eight Apollo samples. With the values of the 11 Clementine bands and the 5 spectral ratios, we performed linear regression models to estimate the concentration of lithium and 7 Li. Also, we calculated Digital Terrain Models (Altitude, Slope, Aspect, DirectInsolation and WindExposition) from LOLA-DTM to discover relations between relief and spatial distribution of the extended models of lithium and 7 Li. The analysis was conducted in a mask polygon around the Apollo 15 landing site. This analysis seeks to uncover potential 7 Li enrichment through spallation processes, influenced by varying exposure to solar wind. To explore the possibility of finding ice mixed with regolith (often referred to as `black ice\u2019), we extended results to the entire Clementine coverage spectral indices, calculated with a library (350\u20132500 nm) of ice samples contaminated with various concentrations of volcanic particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1712571115000},"page":"1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lunar Surface Resource Exploration: Tracing Lithium, 7 Li and Black Ice Using Spectral Libraries and Apollo Mission Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana del Carmen","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda e Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0912-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Alberquilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica de la Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU) Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2419-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Mar\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5826-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Mu\u00f1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier F.","family":"Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"de Cos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.03.023","article-title":"Evidence for surface water ice in the lunar polar regions using reflectance measurements from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter and temperature measurements from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"292","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.03.032","article-title":"Evidence for exposed water ice in the Moon\u2019s south polar regions from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ultraviolet albedo and temperature measurements","volume":"255","author":"Hayne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.01.005","article-title":"New constraints on the lithium isotope compositions of the Moon and terrestrial planets","volume":"243","author":"Magna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Planet. 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