{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:48:14Z","timestamp":1765889294212,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105085","PolyU 15219121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of lightning current plays a critical role in the field of atmospheric electricity. Traditionally, Rogowski coils or low-resistance shunts were employed for measuring lightning currents in the range from several amperes up to several hundreds of kilo-amperes, and high-value resistors were utilized for measuring corona discharge currents at sub-ampere levels. However, these approaches were not suitable for continuously recording the vast range of lightning currents. For this sake, we have developed a lightning current measurement system equipped with a shock-tolerant low-noise amplifier module. With the system installed on a tall tower, sub-ampere level currents just before the lightning initiation were observed for the first time. To confirm the authenticity of the recorded currents, the background noise of the measurement system and surrounding environment were identified, and a digital multi-frequency notch filter was proposed for de-noising. Results show that the system can achieve a current identification level of 50 mA even in complex electromagnetic environments, while having a measurement capability of 220 kA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16071307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T09:31:23Z","timestamp":1712568683000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Instrumentation for Sub-Ampere Lightning Current Measurement on a Tall Meteorological Tower in Complex Electromagnetic Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5803-2476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2405-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Department of AI Computing, Shenzhen 518040, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Weather Research Center for Monitoring Warning and Forecasting, Shenzhen 518040, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Zongxu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Shenzhen 518040, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Shenzhen 518040, China"}]},{"given":"Runquan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen City Ouxintai Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518040, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Cooper, M.A., and Gomes, C. 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