{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:58:56Z","timestamp":1768679936511,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite ocean color and sea surface temperature (SST) observations from 2012 to 2021 and sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission from 2015 to 2021 are used to characterize and quantify the seasonal and interannual variability in the physical, optical, and biological sea surface features in the Costa Rica Thermal Dome (CRTD) region. High-resolution climatology and the seasonal variability in SST, SSS, and ocean color properties are produced. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, SST, and SSS show these three properties are linked with similar spatial patterns and seasonal variations, i.e., elevated Chl-a concentrations, match the depressed SST and increased SSS and vice versa. This reflects that the physical driving force is the same for these three ocean properties and implies that nutrient supply associated with the physical processes is the major driver for the seasonal biological variability. The interannual changes in Chl-a, SST, and SSS also show that these three ocean properties are consistent among themselves. The positive (negative) Chl-a anomaly generally occurs with negative (positive) SST anomaly and enhanced (reduced) SSS. The in situ measurements evidently show that the subsurface ocean dynamics in the upper 100 m controls the sea surface variability for Chl-a, SST, and SSS. We report that no significant enhancement of Chl-a is observed in the CRTD region during the central Pacific (CP)-type 2020\u20132021 La Ni\u00f1a event, while Chl-a changes are significant in the other three of four ENSO events between 2012 and 2021. Furthermore, the difference in Chl-a variability driven by the CP-type ENSO and eastern Pacific (EP)-type ENSO is further discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1712819368000},"page":"1340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ocean Variability in the Costa Rica Thermal Dome Region from 2012 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7019-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Thermocline topography, horizontal currents and \u201cridging\u201d in the eastern tropical Pacific","volume":"111","author":"Cromwell","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. 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