{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:58:37Z","timestamp":1770688717736,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["101003598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003598"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenera-tionEU\/PRTR-C17.I1","award":["101003598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003598"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenera-tionEU\/PRTR-C17.I1","award":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Cantabria","award":["101003598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003598"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Cantabria","award":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-LC-CLA-2020-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses the variability of coastal extreme sea levels globally by utilizing nearly three decades of along-track, multi-mission satellite altimetry data. An altimetry-based global coastal database of the non-tidal residual sea level component has been produced. The climate variability of extremes is modeled through a parametric, non-stationary statistical model. This model captures intra-annual, inter-annual and long-term variations in non-tidal residual return levels. Comparisons with tide gauge data demonstrate the ability of altimetry data to capture the variability of coastal extreme sea levels. Our findings reveal a greater complexity in the monthly variability patterns of non-tidal residual extremes in tropical latitudes, often exhibiting multiple storm periods, contrasting with coasts in extratropical latitudes, which are mostly controlled by a winter\u2013summer pattern. This study also highlights the significant influence of established climate circulation patterns on sea level extremes. The positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation pattern leads to increases of over 25% in non-tidal residual return levels in Northwestern Europe with respect to a neutral phase. Furthermore, return levels in the western coast of Central America could be 50% higher during El Ni\u00f1o compared to La Ni\u00f1a. Our results show a robust increasing trend in non-tidal residual return levels along most global coastlines. A comparative analysis shows that variations during the 1995\u20132020 period were primarily driven by intra-annual variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1712892877000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Variability Assessment of Global Extreme Coastal Sea Levels Using Altimetry Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hector","family":"Lobeto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHCantabria\u2014Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Menendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHCantabria\u2014Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.104983","article-title":"A Planning Strategy for the Adaptation of Coastal Areas to Climate Change: The Spanish Case","volume":"182","author":"Losada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05090-w","article-title":"A Global Classification of Coastal Flood Hazard Climates Associated with Large-Scale Oceanographic Forcing \/704\/106\/829\/2737\/704\/4111\/141\/129 Article","volume":"7","author":"Rueda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009189","article-title":"Wave Power Variability and Trends across the North Pacific","volume":"118","author":"Bromirski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-022-4844-2","article-title":"Characteristics Analysis and Risk Assessment of Extreme Water Levels Based on 60-Year Observation Data in Xiamen, China","volume":"21","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ocean. Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12947","article-title":"Extreme Water Level Simulation and Component Analysis in Delaware Estuary during Hurricane Isabel","volume":"58","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605726103","article-title":"Reconstruction of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: A Research Perspective","volume":"103","author":"Kates","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2021.100342","article-title":"Using Quantitative Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways to Manage Climate Change-Induced Coastal Erosion","volume":"33","author":"Toimil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coles, S. (2001). An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3675-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-020-00755-7","article-title":"A Review on Coastal Erosion and Flooding Risks and Best Management Practices in West Africa: What Has Been Done and Should Be Done","volume":"24","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2019.103611","article-title":"Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change Risks and Adaptation in Coastal Areas: A Review","volume":"156","author":"Toimil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Men\u00e9ndez, M., and Woodworth, P.L. (2010). Changes in Extreme High Water Levels Based on a Quasi-Global Tide-Gauge Data Set. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005997"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16075","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16075","article-title":"Understanding Extreme Sea Levels for Broad-Scale Coastal Impact and Adaptation Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2659-1","article-title":"Long-Term Changes in the Frequency, Intensity and Duration of Extreme Storm Surge Events in Southern Europe","volume":"46","author":"Cid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106827","article-title":"Variations in the Mean, Seasonal and Extreme Water Level on the Latvian Coast, the Eastern Baltic Sea, during 1961\u20132018","volume":"245","author":"Soomere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7031","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013065","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes in Extreme Sea Levels along the Coasts of the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"122","author":"Marcos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2009.1","article-title":"Analyzing Monthly Extreme Sea Levels with a Time-Dependent GEV Model","volume":"24","author":"Losada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp095","article-title":"Forecasting Seasonal to Interannual Variability in Extreme Sea Levels","volume":"66","author":"Menendez","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2009.07.003","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variability of Annual Extreme Water Level in the Pearl River Delta Region, China","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00561.1","article-title":"Variability of Winter Storminess in the Eastern United States during the Twentieth Century from Tide Gauges","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010443","article-title":"Evidence for Multidecadal Variability in US Extreme Sea Level Records","volume":"120","author":"Wahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2003)018<0045:ATSOOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Assessing the Skill of Operational Atlantic Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Forecasts","volume":"18","author":"Owens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rogers, D., and Tsirkunov, V. (2024, January 30). Costs and Benefits of Early Warning Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/english\/hyogo\/gar\/2011\/en\/bgdocs\/Rogers_&_Tsirkunov_2011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.03.016","article-title":"Leveraging Social Networks for Efficient Hurricane Evacuation","volume":"77","author":"Madireddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2016.10.009","article-title":"Hurricane Evacuation Planning Using Public Transportation","volume":"59","author":"Swamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Socioecon. Plann Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-014-0788-4","article-title":"The Wind Sea and Swell Waves Climate in the Nordic Seas","volume":"65","author":"Semedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillett, N.P., Kell, T.D., and Jones, P.D. (2006). Regional Climate Impacts of the Southern Annular Mode. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027721"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acb1c8","article-title":"Storm Surge Variability and Prediction from ENSO and Tropical Cyclones","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2159","article-title":"The Rate of Sea-Level Rise","volume":"4","author":"Cazenave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones","volume":"328","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000505","article-title":"Extreme Sea Levels on the Rise along Europe\u2019s Coasts","volume":"5","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04692-w","article-title":"Global Probabilistic Projections of Extreme Sea Levels Show Intensification of Coastal Flood Hazard","volume":"9","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00263","article-title":"A High-Resolution Global Dataset of Extreme Sea Levels, Tides, and Storm Surges, Including Future Projections","volume":"7","author":"Muis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023EF003479","DOI":"10.1029\/2023EF003479","article-title":"Global Projections of Storm Surges Using High-Resolution CMIP6 Climate Models","volume":"11","author":"Muis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67736-6","article-title":"Projections of Global-Scale Extreme Sea Levels and Resulting Episodic Coastal Flooding over the 21st Century","volume":"10","author":"Kirezci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2013.07.003","article-title":"Estimating Extreme Water Level Probabilities: A Comparison of the Direct Methods and Recommendations for Best Practise","volume":"81","author":"Arns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1653-0","article-title":"Estimating Present Day Extreme Water Level Exceedance Probabilities around the Coastline of Australia: Tropical Cyclone-Induced Storm Surges","volume":"42","author":"Haigh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab8336","article-title":"Adaptation Time to Magnified Flood Hazards Underestimated When Derived from Tide Gauge Records","volume":"15","author":"Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2021.105632","article-title":"Advances in Estimating Sea Level Rise: A Review of Tide Gauge, Satellite Altimetry and Spatial Data Science Approaches","volume":"208","author":"Adebisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018055","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018055","article-title":"Sea Level Rise in New Zealand: The Effect of Vertical Land Motion on Century-Long Tide Gauge Records in a Tectonically Active Region","volume":"125","author":"Denys","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014032","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/1\/014032","article-title":"Modelling Sea Level Rise Impacts on Storm Surges along US Coasts","volume":"7","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11969","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11969","article-title":"A Global Reanalysis of Storm Surges and Extreme Sea Levels","volume":"7","author":"Muis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.12.001","article-title":"Examination of Extreme Sea Levels Due to Storm Surges and Tides over the Northwest Pacific Ocean","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JC018728","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC018728","article-title":"Modeling the Sea Level Response of the Northern East China Sea to Different Types of Extratropical Cyclones","volume":"128","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9392-0","article-title":"Monitoring Sea Level in the Coastal Zone with Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauges","volume":"38","author":"Cipollini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.06.031","article-title":"Sea Level Anomaly Measurements from Satellite Coastal Altimetry and Tide Gauges at the Entrance of the Gulf of California","volume":"66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000450","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tidemodels","volume":"52","author":"Stammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023EF003673","DOI":"10.1029\/2023EF003673","article-title":"The Emerging Golden Age of Satellite Altimetry to Prepare Humanity for Rising Seas","volume":"11","author":"Hamlington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704721","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.704721","article-title":"Copernicus Sea Level Space Observations: A Basis for Assessing Mitigation and Developing Adaptation Strategies to Sea Level Rise","volume":"8","author":"Legeais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.07.017","article-title":"Contemporary Sea Level Changes from Satellite Altimetry: What Have We Learned? What Are the New Challenges?","volume":"62","author":"Cazenave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00786-7","article-title":"Local Sea Level Trends, Accelerations and Uncertainties over 1993\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"Prandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.01.005","article-title":"Trends of Sea Level Variations in the South China Sea from Merged Altimetry Data","volume":"57","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"012004","article-title":"Seasonal and Interannual of Sea Level Variability in the Indonesian Seas Using Satellite Altimetry","volume":"Volume 731","author":"Handoko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"102433","article-title":"High-Resolution Sea Level Change around China Seas Revealed through Multi-Satellite Altimeter Data","volume":"102","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Montillet, J.P., Fernandes, R., Melbourne, T.I., Jiang, W., and Huang, Z. (2022). Sea Level Rise Estimation on the Pacific Coast from Southern California to Vancouver Island. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174339"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2023.10.041","article-title":"Sea-Level Trends and Variability along the Coast of Vietnam over 2002\u20132018: Insights from the X-TRACK\/ALES Altimetry Dataset and Coastal Tide Gauges","volume":"73","author":"Pham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00694-w","article-title":"Coastal Sea Level Anomalies and Associated Trends from Jason Satellite Altimetry over 2002\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Benveniste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00448-z","article-title":"Sea Level along the World\u2019s Coastlines Can Be Measured by a Network of Virtual Altimetry Stations","volume":"3","author":"Cazenave","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Cazenave, A., Gouzenes, Y., Lancelot, L., Birol, F., Leg\u00e9r, F., Passaro, M., Calafat, F.M., Shaw, A., Ni\u00f1o, F., and Legeais, J.F. (2024). New Network of Virtual Altimetry Stations for Measuring Sea Level along the World Coastlines. SEOANE."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EF001620","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001620","article-title":"Climatic Drivers of Extreme Sea Level Events Along the Coastline of Western Australia","volume":"9","author":"Lowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900120","article-title":"Satellite Altimetry Observations of the Black Sea Level","volume":"106","author":"Korotaev","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.005","article-title":"Hurricane Isaac Storm Surges off Florida Observed by Jason-1 and Jason-2 Satellite Altimeters","volume":"198","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8284","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014487","article-title":"Toward a Methodology for Estimating Coastal Extreme Sea Levels From Satellite Altimetry","volume":"123","author":"Lobeto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"DUACS DT2014: The New Multi-Mission Altimeter Data Set Reprocessed over 20 Years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Codiga, D.L. (2011). Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhose Island. Technical Report. 2011.01."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.09.012","article-title":"Observing Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal from Satellite Altimetry","volume":"151","author":"Antony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.11.016","article-title":"Integrating Non-Tidal Sea Level Data from Altimetry and Tide Gauges for Coastal Sea Level Prediction","volume":"50","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.05.006","article-title":"Observing Storm Surges in China\u2019s Coastal Areas by Integrating Multi-Source Satellite Altimeters","volume":"225","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida, L.P.M., Almar, R., Meyssignac, B., and Viet, N.T. (2018). Contributions to Coastal Flooding Events in Southeast of Vietnam and Their Link with Global Mean Sea Level Rise. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8120437"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.11.027","article-title":"Long Term Changes of Altimeter Range and Geophysical Corrections at Altimetry Calibration Sites","volume":"51","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Fisher, R.A. (1970). Breakthroughs in Statistics: Methodology and Distribution, Springer."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-5481-2022","article-title":"Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) or Mean Absolute Error (MAE): When to Use Them or Not","volume":"15","author":"Hodson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02356.x","article-title":"Rapid Uplift of Southern Alaska Caused by Recent Ice Loss","volume":"158","author":"Larsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1029\/90JB02540","article-title":"Tide Gage Measurements of Uplift along the South Coast of Alaska","volume":"96","author":"Savage","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4500","article-title":"Beach Recovery from Extreme Storm Activity during the 2013\u201314 Winter along the Atlantic Coast of Europe","volume":"44","author":"Dodet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-54-137-2020","article-title":"Storm Xaver over Europe in December 2013: Overview of Energy Impacts and North Sea Events","volume":"54","author":"Kettle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<1748:TCSAAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Twentieth-Century Storm Activity along the U.S. East Coast","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017280","article-title":"Impact of the Wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Summertime Atmospheric Circulation","volume":"30","author":"Ogi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023EF003649","DOI":"10.1029\/2023EF003649","article-title":"Coevolution of Extreme Sea Levels and Sea-Level Rise Under Global Warming","volume":"11","author":"Boumis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earths Future"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:26:48Z","timestamp":1760106408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]}}}