{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:16:26Z","timestamp":1769580986412,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42374181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374181"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42374186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374186"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42274195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274195"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42004136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004136"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42104169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104169"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["41804150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41804150"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["2021A1515011216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011216"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["2022A1515011580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011580"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["MENGO-202217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MENGO-202217"]}]},{"name":"Opening Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences dedicated for the Chinese Meridian Project","award":["YD2080002013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2080002013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) occur frequently in low-latitude areas and have a non-negligible impact on navigation satellite signals. To systematically analyze the effects of a single EPB event on multi-frequency signals of GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and BDS, all-sky airglow images over South China are jointly used to visually determine the EPB structure and depletion degree. The results reveal that scintillations, or GNSS signal fluctuations, are directly linked to EPBs and that the intensity of scintillation is positively correlated with the airglow depletion intensity. The center of the airglow depletion often corresponds to stronger GNSS scintillation, while the edge of the bubble, which is considered to have the largest density gradient, corresponds to relatively smaller scintillation instead. This work also systematically analyzes the responses of multi-constellation and multi-frequency signals to EPBs. The results show that the L2 and L5 frequencies are more susceptible than the L1 frequency is. For different constellations, Galileo\u2019s signal has the best tracking stability during an EPB event compared with GPS, GLONASS, and BDS. The results provide a reference for dual-frequency signal selection in precise positioning or TEC calculation, that is, L1C and L2L for GPS, L1C and L5Q for Galileo, L1P and L2C for GLONASS, and L1P and L5P for BDS. Notably, BDS-2 is significantly weaker than BDS-3. And inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites have abnormal data error rates, which should be related to the special signal path trajectory of the IGSO satellite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1712897066000},"page":"1358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles on Multi-GNSS Signals: A Case Study over South China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8215-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Ningbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Qiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China"}]},{"given":"Xingyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Radio Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 201109, China"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuoliang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S09003","DOI":"10.1029\/2006SW000260","article-title":"GPS and ionospheric scintillations","volume":"5","author":"Kintner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(02)00795-0","article-title":"Ionospheric irregularities and scintillation","volume":"31","author":"Wernik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A9","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2016004","article-title":"Overview of the 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s day storm and its consequences for RTK and PPP positioning in Norway","volume":"6","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-010-0197-1","article-title":"On the effects of the ionospheric disturbances on precise point positioning at equatorial latitudes","volume":"15","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-022-01378-1","article-title":"Long-term impact of ionospheric scintillations on kinematic precise point positioning: Seasonal and solar activity dependence over Indian low latitudes","volume":"27","author":"Yousuf","year":"2023","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022SW003236","DOI":"10.1029\/2022SW003236","article-title":"Investigating the Impacts of Ionospheric Irregularities on Precise Point Positioning over China and Its Mechanism","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26875","DOI":"10.1029\/96JA00682","article-title":"Linear theory and modeling of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability leading to the occurrence of equatorial spread F","volume":"101","author":"Sultan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19859","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900271","article-title":"Effects of the vertical plasma drift velocity on the generation and evolution of equatorial spread F","volume":"104","author":"Fejer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019570","article-title":"An analysis of the quiet time day-to-day variability in the formation of postsunset equatorial plasma bubbles in the Southeast Asian region","volume":"119","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028724","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028724","article-title":"On the Generation of an Unseasonal EPB over South East Asia","volume":"126","author":"Currie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kelley, M.C. (2009). The Earth\u2019s Ionosphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21103","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027512","article-title":"A super bubble detected by dense GPS network at east Asian longitudes","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023503","article-title":"A study on the evolution of plasma bubbles using the single station-multisatellite and multistation-single satellite techniques","volume":"122","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5937276","article-title":"Availability Impact on GPS Aviation due to Strong Ionospheric Scintillation","volume":"47","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RS002468","article-title":"Latitudinal variations of scintillation activity and zonal plasma drifts in South America","volume":"37","author":"Kil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1029\/91RS00799","article-title":"Model Studies of the Latitudinal Extent of the Equatorial Anomaly during Equinoctial Conditions","volume":"26","author":"Klobuchar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26795","DOI":"10.1029\/96JA00760","article-title":"Scintillations, plasma drifts, and neutral winds in the equatorial ionosphere after sunset","volume":"101","author":"Basu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i003p00363","article-title":"Ionospheric constraints on VHF\/UHF communications links during solar maximum and minimum periods","volume":"23","author":"Basu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)00048-6","article-title":"Equatorial anomaly effects on GPS scintillations in brazil","volume":"31","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-35-1201-2017","article-title":"Climatology and modeling of ionospheric scintillations and irregularity zonal drifts at the equatorial anomaly crest region","volume":"35","author":"Muella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.03.041","article-title":"GPS loss of lock statistics over Brazil during the 24th solar cycle","volume":"66","author":"Damaceno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01218-8","article-title":"Loss of lock on GNSS signals and its association with ionospheric irregularities observed over Indian low latitudes","volume":"26","author":"Srinivasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.10.035","article-title":"Investigation of GPS Loss of Lock occurrence and Its characteristics over Ethiopia using Geodetic GPS receivers of the IGS network","volume":"69","author":"Mulugeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-007-0059-4","article-title":"The seasonal dependence of cycle slip occurrence of GPS data over China low latitude region","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. E Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10D10","DOI":"10.1029\/2010SW000583","article-title":"Solar cycle variation of the GPS cycle slip occurrence in China low-latitude region","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.08.036","article-title":"On the occurrence and strength of multi-frequency multi-GNSS Ionospheric Scintillations in Indian sector during declining phase of solar cycle 24","volume":"61","author":"Srinivasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1029\/2018SW002105","article-title":"Interfrequency Performance Characterizations of GPS during Signal Outages from an Anomaly Crest Location","volume":"17","author":"Biswas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-021-09643-7","article-title":"Investigating Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Multifrequency GPS Signals","volume":"42","author":"Salles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01157-4","article-title":"A deep fading assessment of the modernized L2C and L5 signals for low-latitude regions","volume":"25","author":"Salles","year":"2021","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5801209","article-title":"Multifrequency Observation of High Latitude Scintillation: A Comparison With the Phase Screen Model","volume":"60","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022SW003362","DOI":"10.1029\/2022SW003362","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Ionospheric Scintillation on Multi-Frequency BDS-2\/BDS-3 Signals at Low Latitudes","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sleewaegen, J.-M., Wilde, W.D., and Hollreiser, M. (2004, January 16\u201319). Galileo AltBOC Receiver. Proceedings of the ION GNSS 2004, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padokhin, A.M., Mylnikova, A.A., Yasyukevich, Y.V., Morozov, Y.V., Kurbatov, G.A., and Vesnin, A.M. (2021). Galileo E5 AltBOC Signals: Application for Single-Frequency Total Electron Content Estimations. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193973"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.09.032","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of GLONASS amplitude scintillation over low latitudes in the Brazilian territory","volume":"61","author":"Muella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1029\/2017SW001762","article-title":"Study of Relative Performance of Different Navigational Satellite Constellations under Adverse Ionospheric Conditions","volume":"16","author":"Goswami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i003p00199","article-title":"An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data","volume":"17","author":"Blewitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-011-0230-z","article-title":"A new algorithm for single receiver DCB estimation using IGS TEC maps","volume":"16","author":"Keshin","year":"2012","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1029\/2000RS002604","article-title":"Modeling the effects of ionospheric scintillation on GPS\/Satellite-Based Augmentation System availability","volume":"38","author":"Conker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Dousa, P.V.J. (2016). G-Nut Anubis Open Source Tool for Multi-GNSS Data Monitoring with a Multipath Detection for New Signals, Frequencies and Constellations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0396-2","article-title":"Real-time detection and repair of cycle slips in triple-frequency GNSS measurements","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015347","article-title":"Geomagnetic conjugate observations of equatorial airglow depletions","volume":"29","author":"Otsuka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-023-01403-x","article-title":"Assessment of the orbital variations of GNSS GEO and IGSO satellites for monitoring ionospheric TEC","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-011-0217-9","article-title":"Ionospheric super-bubble effects on the GPS positioning relative to the orientation of signal path and geomagnetic field direction","volume":"16","author":"Demyanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RS005903","article-title":"A theory of scintillation for two-component power law irregularity spectra: Overview and numerical results","volume":"51","author":"Carrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023478","article-title":"Development of intermediate-scale structure at different altitudes within an equatorial plasma bubble: Implications for L-band scintillations","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RS006653","article-title":"Ionospheric Scintillation Fading Coefficients for the GPS L1, L2, and L5 Frequencies","volume":"53","author":"Vani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.05.038","article-title":"A study of multi-GNSS ionospheric scintillation and cycle-slip over Hong Kong region for moderate solar flux conditions","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21107","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023781","article-title":"Magnetic field orientation control of GPS occultation observations of equatorial scintillation","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:26:53Z","timestamp":1760106413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]}}}