{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:21:27Z","timestamp":1772601687355,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory science and technology innovation projects","award":["LSKJ202201406-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202201406-2"]}]},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory science and technology innovation projects","award":["U22A20587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20587"]}]},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory science and technology innovation projects","award":["Y5KY09101L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y5KY09101L"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund Key Project","award":["LSKJ202201406-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202201406-2"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund Key Project","award":["U22A20587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20587"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund Key Project","award":["Y5KY09101L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y5KY09101L"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Practice Training Program of University of the National Academy of Sciences","award":["LSKJ202201406-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202201406-2"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Practice Training Program of University of the National Academy of Sciences","award":["U22A20587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20587"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Practice Training Program of University of the National Academy of Sciences","award":["Y5KY09101L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y5KY09101L"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proposed \u201cGuanlan\u201d ocean science satellite, led by China\u2019s Laoshan Laboratory, includes an interferometric radar altimeter (IRA) as a key payload. As an integral part of its development, an airborne IRA experiment was conducted on 6 November 2021, with a flight path of approximately 90 km in the South China Sea. This study investigates the IRA\u2019s ability to observe ocean sea surface height (SSH) across scales ranging from meters to mesoscale. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) of the IRA is aligned with the SSHA of the AVISO at scales greater than 30 km, but also demonstrates the ability to capture small-scale SSHA changes in two dimensions. We analyzed wavenumber spectra of SSHA obtained from the airborne IRA, ICESat-2, and SARAL\/AltiKa satellite for this region. The results show a good agreement in power spectral density (PSD) levels between ICESat-2, SARAL\/AltiKa and IRA at scales larger than 30 km. Within the submesoscale range of 1\u201310 km, the IRA SSHA spectrum exhibits a distinctly negative slope and the lowest energy level. The minimum PSD level of the IRA fell in the range of 10\u22124\u201310\u22123 m2\/cycle\/km, at scales around 1 km, which is more than an order of magnitude lower than that of ICESat-2, forming a spectral gap that is in agreement with the theoretical expectation. Furthermore, IRA-derived wave direction and significant wave height matched well with the MFWAM wave data. The results of this study underscore the considerable potential of airborne IRA in capturing SSHA across a range of scales, from oceanic waves to submesoscale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1712897066000},"page":"1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sea Surface Height Wavenumber Spectrum from Airborne Interferometric Radar Altimeter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinchao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266373, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100854, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiufu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Survey Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Weiya","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100854, China"}]},{"given":"Yalong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Yantai 264006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133316638957","article-title":"Progress in Satellite Remote Sensing for Studying Physical Processes at the Ocean Surface and Its Borders with the Atmosphere and Sea Ice","volume":"40","author":"Shutler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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