{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T02:03:45Z","timestamp":1767924225588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-YBGY-258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBGY-258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62301431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62301431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-YBGY-258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBGY-258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62301431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62301431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Joint transceiver beamforming is a fundamental and crucial research task in the field of signal processing. Despite extensive efforts made in recent years, the joint transceiver beamforming of frequency diverse array (FDA)-based multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar has received relatively less attention and is confronted with some tricky challenges, such as range\u2013angle decoupling and the interaction between multiple performance metrics. In this paper, we initially derive the generalized ambiguity function of the FDA-MIMO radar to explore the intrinsic correlation between its waveform design and resolution. Following that, the joint beamforming optimization is formulated as a nonconvex bivariate quadratic programming problem (NBQP) with the aim of maximizing the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR) of the FDA-MIMO radar system. Building upon this, we introduce an innovative alternating manifold optimization with nested iteration (AMO-NI) algorithm to address the NBQP. By incorporating manifold optimization into iterative updates of transmit waveform and receiving filter, the AMO-NI algorithm considers the interdependencies among the optimization variables. The algorithm efficiently and expeditiously finds global optimum solutions within a finite number of iterations. Compared with other methods, our approach yields a superior beampattern and higher SINR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficiently Refining Beampattern in FDA-MIMO Radar via Alternating Manifold Optimization for Maximizing Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4094-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Langhuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0874-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3221027","article-title":"A Joint Array Parameters Design Method Based on FDA-MIMO Radar","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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