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The temporal and spatial expansion law of S. alterniflora can be obtained through remote sensing monitoring, which can provide a reference and basis for S. alterniflora management. This paper presents a method for extracting and mapping S. alterniflora based on phenological characteristics. The coastal areas of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration are selected as the research area, and the Landsat time series data from 1990 to 2022 on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform are used to support the experiment in this paper. Firstly, the possible growing area of S. alterniflora was extracted using the normalized differential moisture index (NDMI), normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized differential water index (NDWI); Then, the time series curve characterizing the phenological characteristics of vegetation was constructed using the vegetation index to determine the difference phase of phenological characteristics between S. alterniflora and other vegetation. Finally, a decision tree was constructed based on the phenological feature difference phase data to extract S. alterniflora, and it is applied to the analysis of temporal and spatial changes of S. alterniflora in the study area from 1990 to 2022. The results show that the area of S. alterniflora increased from ~1426 ha in 1990 to ~44,508 ha in 2022. However, the area of S. alterniflora began to show negative growth in 2015 due to the construction of nature reserves and ecological management. The results of correlation analysis showed that the growth of C. japonicum was significantly affected by temperature stress and weakly affected by precipitation. This study verified that Landsat time series images can effectively extract vegetation phenological information, which has strong feasibility for extraction and dynamic monitoring of S.\u00a0alterniflora and provides technical support for the management and monitoring of invasive plants in coastal wetlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T03:56:13Z","timestamp":1713153373000},"page":"1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring the Invasion of S. alterniflora on the Yangtze River Delta, China, Using Time Series Landsat Images during 1990\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinshao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Monitoring and Disaster Prevention and Reduction Technology of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Region, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Task Department, Ningbo Vehicle Emission Control Center, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunchen","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8685-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiting","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Monitoring and Disaster Prevention and Reduction Technology of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Region, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0805-8","article-title":"The Global Distribution and Trajectory of Tidal Flats","volume":"565","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.11.030","article-title":"Tracking Annual Changes of Coastal Tidal Flats in China during 1986\u20132016 through Analyses of Landsat Images with Google Earth Engine","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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