{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1775531160360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFA0715104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0715104"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42071309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071309"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20220101159JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101159JC"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023CX093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CX093"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFA0715104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0715104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42071309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071309"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20220101159JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101159JC"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023CX093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CX093"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["2021YFA0715104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0715104"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["42071309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071309"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["20220101159JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101159JC"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["2023CX093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CX093"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["2021YFA0715104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0715104"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["42071309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071309"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["20220101159JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101159JC"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["2023CX093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CX093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring the deformation mechanism of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake is crucial for better understanding the seismic hazard of the faults with low strain rates inside the Bayan Har block. This study leverages deformation information derived from Sentient-1 A\/B images and GPS data to investigate in detail the co- and postseismic deformation mechanisms using multiple methods. The main results are as follows. First, the postseismic InSAR time series robustly identified the reactivation of the Changmahe fault, indicating the impact of the Maduo event on surrounding active faults. Second, the joint inversion of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and GPS revealed that (1) there was a complementary and partially overlapping relationship between the coseismic slip and postseismic afterslip of the main rupture; and (2) the Changmahe fault exhibited thrust compression dislocation in the early stage and experienced a sustained compressive effect from afterslip in the one year after the mainshock. Third, modeling the processes of viscoelastic relaxation and poroelastic rebound revealed that the postseismic deformation was probably caused by a combination of afterslip (near-field) and viscoelastic relaxation (near and far field). Fourth, the stress changes driven by the Maduo event revealed that the seismic gaps inside the Maqin-Maqu segment and the Kunlun Pass-Jiangcuo fault will be potential seismic risks in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T08:41:06Z","timestamp":1713256866000},"page":"1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coseismic and Early Postseismic Deformation Mechanism Following the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake: Insights from Satellite Radar Interferometry and GPS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7109-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanzeng","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7545-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Lijia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Radar Remote Sensing, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4306-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Observatory, Antu 133618, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2232","article-title":"Deep structure and seismogenic pattern of the 2021.5.22 Madoi (Qinghai) MS7.4 earthquake","volume":"64","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"722","article-title":"Seismogenic fault and coseismic surface deformation of the Maduo MS7.4 earthquake in Qinghai, China: A quick report","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2022.229275","article-title":"Coseismic surface ruptures, slip distribution, and 3D seismogenic fault for the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo earthquake, central Tibetan Plateau, and its tectonic implications","volume":"827","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-021-9803-3","article-title":"Aftershock sequence relocation of the 2021 MS7.4 Maduo earthquake, Qinghai, China","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.07.013","article-title":"Source parameters and triggering links of the earthquake sequence in central Italy from 2009 to 2016 analyzed with GPS and InSAR data","volume":"744","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggab532","article-title":"Source model for buried thrust-dominated earthquakes using partial InSAR displacements: The 2018 Lombok, Indonesia, earthquake sequence","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2022.229558","article-title":"Coseismic slip and early afterslip of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China earthquake constrained by GPS and InSAR data","volume":"840","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016572","article-title":"Coseismic and postseismic deformation of the 2016 MW 6.2 Lampa earthquake, southern Peru, constrained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JB024268","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JB024268","article-title":"Earthquake Cycle Deformation Associated with the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo (Eastern Tibet) Earthquake: An Intrablock Rupture Event on a Slow-Slipping Fault from Sentinel-1 InSAR and Teleseismic Data","volume":"127","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095860","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095860","article-title":"Coseismic and early postseismic slip models of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake (western China) estimated by space-based geodetic data","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2022.229542","article-title":"Overall subshear but locally supershear rupture of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake from high-rate GNSS waveforms and three-dimensional InSAR deformation","volume":"839","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL097984","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL097984","article-title":"Supershear rupture during the 2021 MW 7.4 Maduo, China, earthquake","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095417","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095417","article-title":"Tectonic and geometric control on fault kinematics of the 2021 Mw7.3 Maduo (China) earthquake inferred from interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic InSAR observations","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Coseismic surface rupture and seismogenic structure of the 2021-05-22 Maduo (Qinghai) MS 7.4 earthquake","volume":"95","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL096874","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL096874","article-title":"Large surface-rupture gaps and low surface fault slip of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake along a low-activity strike-slip fault, Tibetan Plateau","volume":"49","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Xu, Q., Hu, J., Wang, Y., Dong, X., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., and Li, H. (2022). Source Model and Triggered Aseismic Faulting of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake Revealed by the UAV-Lidar\/Photogrammetry, InSAR, and Field Investigation. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225859"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Coseismic and early postseismic fault slip model and the seismogenic fault friction properties of the 2021 Qinghai Madoi MW7.3 earthquake","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JB026643","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JB026643","article-title":"Transient deformation excited by the 2021 M7. 4 Maduo (China) earthquake: Evidence of a deep shear zone","volume":"128","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL100283","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100283","article-title":"Simultaneous rupture propagation through fault bifurcation of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake","volume":"49","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"66","article-title":"Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"298","article-title":"Building to the active tectonic database of China","volume":"30","author":"Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL081940","article-title":"Slip rate variation along the Kunlun fault (Tibet): Results from new GPS observations and a viscoelastic earthquake-cycle deformation model","volume":"46","author":"Diao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018774","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018774","article-title":"Present-day crustal deformation of continental China derived from GPS and its tectonic implications","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1029\/JB089iB07p06203","article-title":"Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia","volume":"89","author":"Molnar","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rosen, P.A., Gurrola, E., Sacco, G.F., and Zebker, H. (2012, January 23\u201326). The InSAR Scientific Computing Environment. Proceedings of the EUSAR 2012: 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JB015305","article-title":"Generic atmospheric correction model for interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations","volume":"123","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873207","article-title":"On the extension of the minimum cost flow algorithm for phase unwrapping of multitemporal differential SAR interferograms","volume":"44","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2001.10854936","article-title":"Velocities and flux of the Filchner Ice Shelf and its tributaries determined from speckle tracking interferometry","volume":"27","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00833","article-title":"Mass fluxes and dynamics of Moreno glacier, southern Patagonia icefield","volume":"25","author":"Rott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solaro, G., De Novellis, V., Castaldo, R., De Luca, C., Lanari, R., Manunta, M., and Casu, F. (2016). Coseismic fault model of Mw 8.3 2015 Illapel earthquake (Chile) retrieved from multi-orbit Sentinel1-A DInSAR measurements. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040323"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112298","article-title":"Estimating three-dimensional coseismic deformations with the SM-VCE method based on heterogeneous SAR observations: Selection of homogeneous points and analysis of observation combinations","volume":"255","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2745576","article-title":"A method for measuring 3-D surface deformations with InSAR based on strain model and variance component estimation","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO070001","article-title":"New radar interferometric time series analysis toolbox released","volume":"94","author":"Agram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30183","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JB900008","article-title":"Phase gradient approach to stacking interferograms","volume":"103","author":"Sandwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.117066","article-title":"The 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence: Evolution of seismic and aseismic slip on an orthogonal fault system","volume":"570","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802453","article-title":"Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: Statistical segmentation and generalized network models","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB020230","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020230","article-title":"Postseismic deformation and afterslip evolution of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake constrained by InSAR and GPS observations","volume":"126","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011291","article-title":"2.5-D surface deformation of M6.1 earthquake near Mt Iwate detected by SAR interferometry","volume":"27","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1785\/0120110264","article-title":"The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake: Comparison of GPS and strong-motion data","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL098942","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL098942","article-title":"Early postseismic deformation of the 2010 Mw 6.9 Yushu earthquake and its implication for lithospheric rheological properties","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL098144","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL098144","article-title":"Role of poroelasticity during the early postseismic deformation of the 2010 Maule megathrust earthquake","volume":"49","author":"Metzger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.36.031207.124326","article-title":"Rheology of the lower crust and upper mantle: Evidence from rock mechanics, geodesy, and field observations","volume":"36","author":"Dresen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.08.006","article-title":"PSGRN\/PSCMP\u2014A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation, geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"757","article-title":"Deep seismotectonic environment of the 2021 Madoi Ms7.4 earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2221","article-title":"Influence of the 1947 Dari M7.7 earthquake on stress evolution along the boundary fault of the Bayan Har block: Insights from numerical simulation","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30131","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02302","article-title":"Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 earthquake surface rupture","volume":"103","author":"Peltzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1567241","article-title":"Poroelasticity: Efficient modeling of strongly coupled, slow deformation processes in a multilayered half-space","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Qu, C., Zhao, D., Ma, C., and Shan, X. (2021). Rupture kinematics and coseismic slip model of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo (China) earthquake: Implications for the seismic hazard of the Kunlun fault. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163327"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1785\/0120210250","article-title":"Fault Source Model and Stress Changes of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake, China, Constrained by InSAR and GPS Measurements","volume":"112","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-021-9868-9","article-title":"Complete three-dimensional coseismic displacements due to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai Province, China from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 SAR images","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010193","article-title":"El Mayor-Cucapah (Mw 7.2) earthquake: Early near-field postseismic deformation from InSAR and GPS observations","volume":"119","author":"Fialko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1785\/0220230060","article-title":"Role of Poroelasticity and Viscoelasticity during the Postseismic Deformation of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China, Earthquake","volume":"94","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2116445119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116445119","article-title":"Rupture process of the 2021 M7.4 Maduo earthquake and implication for deformation mode of the Songpan-Ganzi terrane in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"119","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095213","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095213","article-title":"Coseismic and early postseismic deformation due to the 2021 M7.4 Maduo (China) earthquake","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB020052","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020052","article-title":"The relationship between seismic and aseismic slip on the Philippine Fault on Leyte Island: Bayesian modeling of fault slip and geothermal subsidence","volume":"125","author":"Dianala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(92)90055-B","article-title":"Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength","volume":"211","author":"Dieterich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.26.1.643","article-title":"Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting","volume":"26","author":"Marone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB00275","article-title":"On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip","volume":"96","author":"Marone","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.09.020","article-title":"A high-resolution, time-variable afterslip model for the 2010 Maule Mw = 8.8, Chile megathrust earthquake","volume":"383","author":"Bedford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13506","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13506","article-title":"Seafloor observations indicate spatial separation of coseismic and postseismic slips in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake","volume":"7","author":"Iinuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12034","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB017953","article-title":"Logarithmic model joint inversion method for coseismic and postseismic slip: Application to the 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zah\u0101b earthquake, Iran","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077843","article-title":"Why do aftershocks occur within the rupture area of a large earthquake?","volume":"45","author":"Yabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014366","article-title":"Dominant controls of downdip afterslip and viscous relaxation on the postseismic displacements following the Mw7.9 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2022.117703","article-title":"Co-seismic rupture of the 2021, Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake (northern Tibet): Short-cutting of the Kunlun fault big bend","volume":"594","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"677","article-title":"Coseismic deformation field, slip distribution and Coulomb stress disturbance of the 2021 MW7.3 Maduo earthquake using sentinel-1 InSAR observations","volume":"43","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2021.104703","article-title":"Interseismic slip rate and locking along the Maqin\u2013Maqu Segment of the East Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibetan Plateau, based on Sentinel-1 images","volume":"211","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-021-1556-2","article-title":"The Interpretation of Seismogenic Fault of the Maduo Mw 7.3 Earthquake, Qinghai Based on Remote Sensing Images\u2014A Branch of the East Kunlun Fault System","volume":"33","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JB022399","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022399","article-title":"Postseismic deformation of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake illuminates lithospheric rheological structure and dynamics of eastern Tibet","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO450001","article-title":"Generic mapping tools: Improved version released","volume":"94","author":"Wessel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:28:33Z","timestamp":1760106513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081399","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}