{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:27:04Z","timestamp":1776346024874,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42105139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YZJJ202205-TS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZJJ202205-TS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HFIPS Director\u2019s Fund","award":["42105139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105139"]}]},{"name":"HFIPS Director\u2019s Fund","award":["62005293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005293"]}]},{"name":"HFIPS Director\u2019s Fund","award":["YZJJ202205-TS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZJJ202205-TS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reference targets with stability, uniformity, and known reflectance on the Earth\u2019s surface, such as deserts, can be used for the absolute radiometric calibration of satellite sensors. A wide-angle hyperspectral reflectance model at the top of atmosphere (TOA) over such a reference target will expand the applicability of on-orbit calibration to different spectral bands and angles. To achieve the long-term, continuous, and high-precision absolute radiometric calibration of remote sensors, a wide-angle hyperspectral TOA reflectance model of the Libyan Desert was constructed based on spectral reflectance data, satellite overpass parameters, and atmospheric parameters from the Terra\/Aqua and Earth Observation-1 (EO-1) satellites between 2003 and 2012. By means of angle fitting, viewing angle grouping, and spectral extension, the model is applicable for absolute radiometric calibration of the visible to short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands for sensors within viewing zenith angles of 65 degrees. To validate the accuracy and precision of the model, a total of 3120 long-term validations of model accuracy and 949 cross-validations with the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite sensors between 2013 and 2020 were conducted. The results show that the TOA reflectance calculated by the model had a standard deviation (SD) of relative differences below 1.9% and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) below 0.8% when compared with observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat 8 OLI. The SD of the relative differences and the RMSE were within 2.7% when predicting VIIRS data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:54:36Z","timestamp":1713340476000},"page":"1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Wide-Angle Hyperspectral Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance Model for the Libyan Desert"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1646-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuxiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7339-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Yanna","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Zejie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00071-5","article-title":"From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1908","article-title":"The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12397","article-title":"Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation","volume":"29","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01095146","article-title":"Critical issues for long-term climate monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Karl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-004-0243-3","article-title":"Detecting long-term global forest change using continuous fields of tree-cover maps from 8-km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data for the years 1982\u201399","volume":"7","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00111-4","article-title":"Calibration of Space-Multispectral Imaging Sensors: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Dinguirard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228001","DOI":"10.3788\/AOS201535.1228001","article-title":"Integrated Method for On-Obit Wide Dynamic Vicarious Calibration of FY-3C MERSI Reflective Solar Bands","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(97)00251-2","article-title":"On-orbit calibration of a multi-spectral satellite sensor using a high altitude airborne imaging spectrometer","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhao, C. (2019). Analysis of Reflectance Characteristics of Global Calibration Sites and Application of High-frequency Radiometric Calibration. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Science and Technology of China]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2243738","article-title":"Absolute Radiometric Calibration of Landsat Using a Pseudo Invariant Calibration Site","volume":"51","author":"Helder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021327","article-title":"Absolute Calibration of Optical Satellite Sensors Using Libya 4 Pseudo Invariant Calibration Site","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raut, B., Kaewmanee, M., Angal, A., Xiong, X., and Helder, D. (2019). Empirical Absolute Calibration Model for Multiple Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091105"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00211-1","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Saharan and Arabian desert sites for the calibration of optical satellite sensors","volume":"58","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"304","article-title":"Prime candidate Earth targets for the post-launch radiometric calibration of space-based optical imaging instruments","volume":"Volume 6677","author":"Butler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XII"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203453","article-title":"Sand Dune Ridge Alignment Effects on Surface BRF over the Libya-4 CEOS Calibration Site","volume":"15","author":"Govaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00248-6","article-title":"Radiometric cross-calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM sensors based on tandem data sets","volume":"78","author":"Teillet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2890068","article-title":"Spectral adjustment model\u2019s analysis and application to remote sensing data","volume":"12","author":"Franch","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2008.04.008","article-title":"NASA EOS Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit performance","volume":"43","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Xiong, X., King, M.D., Salomonson, V.V., Barnes, W.L., Wenny, B.N., Angal, A., Wu, A., Madhavan, S., and Link, D.O. (2015). Optical Payloads for Space Missions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00084-6","article-title":"An overview of MODIS Land data processing and product status","volume":"83","author":"Justice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2905792","article-title":"MODIS Reflective Solar Bands On-Orbit Calibration and Performance","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Team, M.S. (2024, January 01). MOD021KM MODIS\/Terra Calibrated Radiances 5-Min L1B Swath 1 km. 2017, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/MOD021KM."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Team, M.S. (2024, January 01). MYD021KM MODIS\/Aqua Calibrated Radiances 5-Min L1B Swath 1 km. 2017, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/MYD021KM."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Team, M.A.S. (2024, January 01). MYD08_D3-MODIS\/Aqua Aerosol Cloud Water Vapor Ozone Daily L3 Global 1Deg CMG, 2017, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/MYD08_D3."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"102302","article-title":"Using Landsat 8 OLI data to differentiate Sargassum and Ulva prolifera blooms in the South Yellow Sea","volume":"98","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11664","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020418","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS sensor data record verification, validation, and long-term performance monitoring","volume":"118","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1117\/12.417022","article-title":"EO-1\/Hyperion hyperspectral imager design, development, characterization, and calibration","volume":"Volume 4151","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Land and Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Earth Resources Observation, and Science (EROS) Center (2013). Collection-2 Landsat 8-9 OLI (Operational Land Imager) and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) Level-1 Data Products, USGS."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Earth Resources Observation, and Science (EROS) Center (2000). Earth Observing One (EO-1)-Hyperion, USGS."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"VCST (2024, January 01). VIIRS\/NPP Moderate Resolution Bands L1B 6-Min Swath 750 m. 2021, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/VNP02MOD\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lutz, M. (2013). Learning Python: Powerful Object-Oriented Programming, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","article-title":"Array programming with NumPy","volume":"585","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"van der Walt, S., and Millman, J. (2010, January 28\u201330). Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python. Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"120","article-title":"The OpenCV Library","volume":"25","author":"Bradski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb\u2019S J. Softw. Tools"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","article-title":"Seaborn: Statistical data visualization","volume":"6","author":"Waskom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabold, S., and Perktold, J. (2010, January 28\u201330). Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python. Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartz, C., Chasapis, K., Kuhn, M., Nerge, P., and Ludwig, T. (2015, January 15\u201320). A Best Practice Analysis of HDF 5 and NetCDF-4 Using Lustre. Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20119-1_20"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"GDAL\/OGR Contributors (2023). GDAL\/OGR Geospatial Data Abstraction Software Library, Open Source Geospatial Foundation."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"388","article-title":"Comparison of FLAASH and QUAC atmospheric correction methods for Resourcesat-2 LISS-IV data","volume":"Volume 9881","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development,  Implementation, and Characterization IV"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00145","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Ocean-Color Imagery During the PACE Era","volume":"7","author":"Frouin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vibhute, A.D., Kale, K.V., Dhumal, R.K., and Mehrotra, S.C. (2015, January 17\u201319). Hyperspectral imaging data atmospheric correction challenges and solutions using QUAC and FLAASH algorithms. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Man and Machine Interfacing (MAMI), Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAMI.2015.7456604"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.006762","article-title":"Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I: Path radiance","volume":"45","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal, M., Qiu, Z., Wang, Y., and Ali, M.A. (2021, January 11\u201316). Comparison Between SREM and 6SV Atmospheric Correction Methods. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9553508"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Schowengerdt, R.A. (2007). Remote Sensing, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8044","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.978041","article-title":"Correction of ozone influence on TOA radiance","volume":"35","author":"Richter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"42","article-title":"MODIS BRDF\/albedo product: Algorithm theoretical basis document version 5.0","volume":"23","author":"Strahler","year":"1999","journal-title":"MODIS Doc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"104022K","article-title":"MODIS solar diffuser degradation at short-wave infrared band wavelengths","volume":"Volume 10402","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XXII"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.14.047503","article-title":"Improvements of on-orbit characterization of Terra MODIS short-wave infrared spectral bands out-of-band responses","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"118580S","article-title":"MODIS reflective solar bands calibration improvements for Collection 7","volume":"Volume 11858","author":"Babu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXV"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1117\/12.510580","article-title":"Aqua MODIS first year on-orbit calibration and performance","volume":"Volume 5234","author":"Meynart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VII"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.03.001","article-title":"Performance of MODIS Collection 6.1 Level 3 aerosol products in spatial-temporal variations over land","volume":"206","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.14.036505","article-title":"SNPP VIIRS RSB on-orbit radiometric calibration algorithms Version 2.0 and the performances, part 2: The performances","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2502904","article-title":"A web-based tool for calculating spectral band difference adjustment factors derived from SCIAMACHY hyperspectral data","volume":"54","author":"Scarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"319","article-title":"S-NPP\/NOAA-20 VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration bias investigation","volume":"Volume 11829","author":"Moyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XXVI"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2473665","article-title":"Lunar calibration and performance for S-NPP VIIRS reflective solar bands","volume":"54","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"JCGM (2008). Evaluation of measurement data\u2014Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. Int. Organ. Stand. Geneva ISBN, 50, 134."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"255","article-title":"Terra and Aqua MODIS calibration algorithms and uncertainty analysis","volume":"Volume 5978","author":"Xiong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites IX"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., and Butler, J.J. (2020). MODIS and VIIRS calibration history and future outlook. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162523"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:28:47Z","timestamp":1760106527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}