{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:24Z","timestamp":1760109144312,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"]}]},{"name":"The Talent Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia","award":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"]}]},{"name":"The Startup Fund for Distinguished Scholars","award":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42025504","NJYT24009","2020YJRC052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution and variation of top-of-atmosphere longwave cloud radiative forcing (LCRFTOA) has drawn a significant amount of attention due to its importance in understanding the energy budget. Advancements in sensor and data processing technology, as well as a new generation of geostationary satellites, such as the FengYun-4A (FY-4A), allow for high spatiotemporal resolutions that are crucial for real-time radiation monitoring. Nevertheless, there is a distinct lack of official top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation products under clear-sky conditions (OLRclear). Consequently, this study addresses the challenge of constructing LCRFTOA data with high spatiotemporal resolution over the full disk region of FY-4A. After simulating the influence of atmospheric parameters on OLRclear based on the SBDART radiation transfer model (RTM), we developed a model for estimating OLRclear using infrared channels from the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) onboard the FY-4A satellite. The OLRclear results showed an RMSE of 5.05 W\/m2 and MBE of 1.59 W\/m2 compared to ERA5. The corresponding RMSE and MBE value compared to CERES was 6.52 W\/m2 and 2.39 W\/m2. Additionally, the calculated LCRFTOA results were validated against instantaneous, daily average, and monthly average ERA5 and CERES LCRFTOA products, supporting the validity of the algorithm proposed in this paper. Finally, the changes in LCRFTOA due to varied cloud heights (high, medium, and low cloud) were analyzed. This study provides the basis for comprehensive studies on the characteristics of top-of atmosphere radiation. The results suggest that high-height clouds exert a greater degree of radiative forcing more frequently, while low-height clouds are more frequently found in the lower forcing range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:54:36Z","timestamp":1713340476000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of Top-of-Atmosphere Longwave Cloud Radiative Forcing Using FengYun-4A Geostationary Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ri","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Shanhu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Huazhe","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Fangling","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Gegen","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Lesi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"826","article-title":"The Radiative and Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. 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