{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:00:01Z","timestamp":1760144401737,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis","award":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03021","2022TSYCLJ0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The surface water area (SWA) and terrestrial water storage (TWS) are both essential metrics for assessing regional water resources. However, the combined effects of climate change and human activities on the dynamics of the SWA and TWS have not been extensively researched within the context of the CPEC. To fill this gap, we first analyzed the annual changes in the SWA and TWS in the China\u2013Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) region in recent decades using the methods of correlation analysis and Geodetector. Our findings indicate that Sindh exhibited the highest increase in the SWA at 8.68 ha\/km2, whereas FATA showed the least increase at 0.2 ha\/km2 from 2002 to 2018. Punjab exhibited a significant decrease in TWS, with a slope of \u22120.48 cm\/year. Azad Kashmir followed with a decrease in TWS at a rate of \u22120.36 cm\/year. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA exhibited an insignificant increase in TWS, with values of 0.02 cm\/year and 0.11 cm\/year, respectively. TWS was significantly positively correlated with the SWA in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, other regions showed inconsistent changes; in particular, a decline was observed in Gilgit\u2013Baltistan. The changes in TWS in Balochistan were primarily influenced by the SWA and climate change, while TWS changes in FATA were mainly affected by climate change. In addition, human activities had a primary impact on the TWS changes in Azad Kashmir, Punjab, and Sindh. The influencing factors of TWS changes in different regions of the CPEC mainly involved a dual-factor enhancement and the nonlinear weakening of single factors. These results highlight that under the effect of climate change and human activities, TWS may not increase as surface water area increases. This study contributes to a better understanding of water resource dynamics and can aid in the development of strategies for the efficient and sustainable use of water resources in the CPEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"1437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Surface and Terrestrial Waters in the China\u2013Pakistan Economic Corridor Due to Climate Change and Human Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9441-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Nzabarinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Sulei","family":"Naibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7505-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Shuya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hutubi County Natural Resources Bureau, Changji 831200, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17103-w","article-title":"Gainers and losers of surface and terrestrial water resources in China during 1989\u20132016","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111193","article-title":"Rebound of surface and terrestrial water resources in Mongolian plateau following sustained depletion","volume":"156","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Burlacu, S., Vasilache, P.C., Velicu, E.R., Curea, \u0218.-C., and Margina, O. (2020, January 25\u201326). Management of water resources at global level. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109341","article-title":"Ecological restoration exacerbates the agriculture-induced water crisis in North China Region","volume":"331","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147193","article-title":"Rapidly declining surface and terrestrial water resources in Central Asia driven by socio-economic and climatic changes","volume":"784","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125905","article-title":"An integrated assessment of surface water dynamics in the Irtysh River Basin during 1990\u20132019 and exploratory factor analyses","volume":"593","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.12.042","article-title":"Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions","volume":"522","author":"Kahil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.05.010","article-title":"Climate change impacts on water security in global drylands","volume":"4","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126994","article-title":"Evidence of shorter more extreme rainfalls and increased flood variability under climate change","volume":"603","author":"Wasko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150420","article-title":"Understanding responses to climate-related water scarcity in Africa","volume":"806","author":"Totin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018113","article-title":"Exploring the influence of precipitation extremes and human water use on total water storage (TWS) changes in the G anges-B rahmaputra-M eghna River Basin","volume":"52","author":"Khandu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136585","article-title":"Increased crop water requirements have exacerbated water stress in the arid transboundary rivers of Central Asia","volume":"713","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00144-0","article-title":"Multifaceted characteristics of dryland aridity changes in a warming world","volume":"2","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127811","article-title":"Evaluating potential impacts of land use changes on water supply\u2013demand under multiple development scenarios in dryland region","volume":"610","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139477","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on reservoir water availability, quality and irrigation needs in a water scarce Mediterranean region (southern Portugal)","volume":"736","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105010","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of water resources of Hyderabad Metropolitan Area and its relationship with urbanization","volume":"99","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095035","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095035","article-title":"Divergent causes of terrestrial water storage decline between drylands and humid regions globally","volume":"48","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00600-7","article-title":"Ecological restoration impact on total terrestrial water storage","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029552","article-title":"Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage During 2003\u20132014 and Possible Causes in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0265-7","article-title":"Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-022-09754-9","article-title":"Using Satellite-Based Terrestrial Water Storage Data: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Humphrey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0123-1","article-title":"Emerging trends in global freshwater availability","volume":"557","author":"Rodell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taheri Dehkordi, A., Valadan Zoej, M.J., Ghasemi, H., Jafari, M., and Mehran, A. (2022). Monitoring Long-Term Spatiotemporal Changes in Iran Surface Waters Using Landsat Imagery. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184491"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Li, H., Song, X., and Sun, W. (2023). Dynamic Monitoring of Surface Water Bodies and Their Influencing Factors in the Yellow River Basin. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4498368"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EF001449","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001449","article-title":"Global Wetting by Seasonal Surface Water Over the Last Decades","volume":"8","author":"Borja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, N., Mustafa, F., Bu, L., Xu, M., Wang, Q., Shahzaman, M., Bilal, M., Ullah, S., and Feng, Z. (2022). Monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide over Pakistan using satellite dataset. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225882"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104653","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of 0.25\u00b0 precipitation datasets combined with MOD10A2 snow cover data in the ice-dominated river basins of Pakistan","volume":"231","author":"Faiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-009-0140-y","article-title":"GIS-based high-resolution spatial interpolation of precipitation in mountain\u2013plain areas of Upper Pakistan for regional climate change impact studies","volume":"99","author":"Ashiq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.10.026","article-title":"Validation of satellite based precipitation over diverse topography of Pakistan","volume":"201","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013007","article-title":"High-resolution CSR GRACE RL05 mascons","volume":"121","author":"Save","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127094","article-title":"Divergent trends of water bodies and their driving factors in a high-latitude water tower, Changbai Mountain","volume":"603","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, A., Yi, S., Chang, L., Sun, G., and Liu, X. (2020). Using GRACE Data to Study the Impact of Snow and Rainfall on Terrestrial Water Storage in Northeast China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244166"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-669-2019","article-title":"A global lake and reservoir volume analysis using a surface water dataset and satellite altimetry","volume":"23","author":"Busker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0562-z","article-title":"A global dataset of surface water and groundwater salinity measurements from 1980\u20132019","volume":"7","author":"Thorslund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3887","article-title":"Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: Parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Reig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2020.1760434","article-title":"An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: Cases with different types of spatial data","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106545","article-title":"Applying Geodetector to disentangle the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to NDVI variations in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096747","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1096747","article-title":"Pakistan\u2019s water resource management: Ensuring water security for sustainable development","volume":"11","author":"Ishaque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2023.108228","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in surface water in Punjab, Pakistan from 1985 to 2020 using machine-learning methods with time-series remote sensing data and driving factors","volume":"280","author":"Tariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.14257\/ijast.2017.103.05","article-title":"Agriculture in Pakistan and its Impact on Economy. A Review","volume":"103","author":"Azam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125489","article-title":"Energy and carbon footprints for irrigation water in the lower Indus basin in Pakistan, comparing water supply by gravity fed canal networks and groundwater pumping","volume":"286","author":"Siyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.22581\/muet1982.1702.16","article-title":"Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Precipitation Trends Based on Downscaled CMIP5 Simulations Data","volume":"36","author":"Dars","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mehran Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate change will affect the Asian water towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2237","article-title":"Consistent increase in High Asia\u2019s runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation","volume":"4","author":"Lutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasec.2018.11.001","article-title":"Socio-hydrological assessment of water security in canal irrigation systems: A conjoint quantitative analysis of equity and reliability","volume":"4","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Secur."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021486","article-title":"Socio-Hydrology of Channel Flows in Complex River Basins: Rivers, Canals, and Distributaries in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"54","author":"Wescoat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04483-w","article-title":"The crisis of water shortage and pollution in Pakistan: Risk to public health, biodiversity, and ecosystem","volume":"26","author":"Nabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2016.06.001","article-title":"Agricultural production, water use and food availability in Pakistan: Historical trends, and projections to 2050","volume":"179","author":"Kirby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-00926-1","article-title":"A century of groundwater accumulation in Pakistan and northwest India","volume":"15","author":"MacAllister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"43","article-title":"Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Sector of Pakistan: Status, Consequences, and Adoption Options","volume":"2021","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Chall. Food Prod. Secur. Asia Middle East Afr. Clim. Risks Resour. Scarcity"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeb, H., Yaqub, A., Ajab, H., Zeb, I., and Khan, I. (2023). Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15152693"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2020.113","article-title":"Climate-water governance: A systematic analysis of the water sector resilience and adaptation to combat climate change in Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Yasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Policy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.02.033","article-title":"Enrichment, spatial distribution of potential ecological and human health risk assessment via toxic metals in soil and surface water ingestion in the vicinity of Sewakht mines, district Chitral, Northern Pakistan","volume":"154","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:07Z","timestamp":1760106607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}